Figure 1
From: Ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) preserves mitochondrial bioenergetics
Spontaneous neuronal activity in primary neurons modified by physiological O2 and BHB. (A–D) In the presence of 15 mM glucose as a substrate, spontaneous cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations were observed in Fluo-4 loaded hippocampal neurons cultured and imaged at 21% O2 (A) and 5% O2 (C) concentrations, together with an increase in frequency and intensity after external Mg2+ withdrawal (MgCl2 free) and a subsequent recovery after Mg2+ addition. The area under the curve (B) and number of peaks (D) were analyzed. Data represent mean ± SEM from 3–4 independent experiments and a total of 157–190 regions of interest (ROIs). Traces from individual ROIs are in grey, with the average fluorescence intensity in each condition represented in bold black. Statistical analysis for two group comparison was assessed with two-tailed unpaired Student's t test. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. In the presence of 5 mM 3-β OH butyrate (BHB) as a substrate (E–H), spontaneous cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations were observed in Fluo-4 loaded hippocampal neurons at 21% O2 (E) and at 5% O2 (G) concentration, together with an increase in frequency and intensity after external Mg2+ withdrawal. The area under the curve (F) and the number of peaks (H) were analyzed. Data represent mean ± SEM from 3–4 independent experiments and a total of 170–238 regions of interest (ROI) analysed.
