Scientific Reports

Table 4 KOA outcomes compared to other competitive optimizers for NedStack PS6.

From: Accurate emulation of steady-state and dynamic performances of PEM fuel cells using simplified models

Algorithms	Parameters
Algorithms	\({\zeta }_{1} (\mathrm{V})\)	\({\zeta }_{2}\cdot {10}^{-3} (\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{K})\)	\({\zeta }_{3}\cdot {10}^{-5} (\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{K})\)	\({\zeta }_{4}\cdot {10}^{-5} (\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{K})\)	\(\lambda \)	\({R}_{l} (\mathrm{m\Omega })\)	\(\delta (\mathrm{V})\)	\(SSD ({\mathrm{V}}^{2})\)
KOA	− 1.0259	3.3982	7.1661	− 9.5000	13.4430	0.1000	0.0136	2.10847
GWA	− 1.0982	3.2438	4.5509	− 9.5008	13.5258	0. 1060	0.0140	2.12085
PSA	− 1.0826	3.5902	7.3410	− 9.5003	13.6172	0.0116	0.0139	2.13859
DTBA	− 0.9525	3.0469	6.1806	− 9.5000	17.5028	0.0184	0.0373	2.41624
EBOA	− 0.8532	2.3989	3.6177	− 9.5000	14.0995	0.01226	0.01795	2.16936
ARA²⁵	− 1.0085	3.0434	4.9796	− 9.5400	13.4457	0.1000	0.0136	2.11125
IAHA⁴⁵	− 0.8831	2.6000	3.6000	− 9.5000	13.4650	0.0100	0.0136	2.14570
ICSO³⁴	− 0.8500	Cpt	9.7800	− 9.5600	13.3300	0.1000	0.0130	2.13900
SSA⁵¹	− 0.9894	3.3286	7.4100	− 9.5400	20.5477	0.2560	0.4260	2.57110
MFA⁵⁰	− 0.8532	3.1364	8.8900	− 9.5400	13.4656	0.1000	0.0136	2.14590
MVA²⁴	− 1.0394	3.2439	5.7700	− 9.5400	16.1317	0.1710	0.0290	2.36320
ALA²⁴	− 0.9836	2.7815	3.6200	− 9.5400	13.9723	0.1370	0.0141	2.20340
AEA²⁴	− 1.1993	4.2726	9.8000	− 9.5400	15.0028	0.1170	0.0273	2.30690
VSA⁵²	− 0.8946	3.3480	9.7500	− 9.5400	13.0000	0.1030	0.0429	2.34260
MRFA⁴⁷	− 0.9381	3.4861	9.5120	− 9.5436	13.0960	0.1000	0.0145	2.13600
MMBA⁵³	− 1.0300	3.5300	8.2400	− 9.4800	15.1100	0.0164	0.0100	2.12000
FFA³¹	− 1.0357	2.9502	3.7669	− 9.5400	15.0297	0.1622	0.0136	2.16710
IFSA⁴²	− 0.9200	3.4600	7.5900	− 9.6200	13.1500	0.1000	0.0400	2.15000

Significant values are in bold.

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