Table 3 Results of effect modification analyses: Interaction of self-rated physical health and gender.

	Self-rated physical health good	Self-rated physical health poor	Effect of SPH within the strata of gender
	HR [95% CI]*	HR [95% CI]*	HR [95% CI]*
Model 1: adjusted for age
Women	1 [Reference]	1.66 [1.37, 2.03]	1.66 [1.37, 2.03]
Men	1.78 [1.54, 2.05]	3.79 [3.2, 4.49]	2.13 [1.83, 2.47]
Multiplicative scale	1.28 [1, 1.64]
RERI	1.35 [0.78, 1.91]
Model 2: adjusted for age, BMI, chronic disease count, smoking, and SES
Women	1 [Reference]	1.26 [1.03, 1.55]	1.26 [1.03, 1.55]
Men	1.69 [1.45, 1.97]	2.39 [1.98, 2.89]	1.41 [1.2, 1.66]
Multiplicative scale	1.12 [0.86, 1.44]
RERI	0.43 [0.02, 0.85]

Effect modification by gender was assessed on additive and multiplicative scales. Effect modification on the additive scale was calculated by the relative excess risk of interaction (RERI) with 95%-confidence intervals, a value significantly different from 0 indicating effect modification. Effect modification on the multiplicative scale was measured by multiplicative interaction terms in Cox models, a value significantly different from 1 indicating effect modification. HR = Hazard ratio, BMI = Body mass index, SES = Socioeconomic status.

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