Table 9 Prevalence of specific defects by maternal age.
From: Update from a cohort study for birth defects in Hunan Province, China, 2010–2020
Types | < 20 years old (total = 27,319) | 20–24 years old (total = 339,120) | 25–29 years old (total = 693,209) (reference) | 30–34 years old (total = 385,022) | ≥ 35 years old (total = 174,706) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BD (n) | Prevalence (1/10,000, 95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | BD (n) | Prevalence (1/10,000, 95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | BD (n) | Prevalence (1/10,000, 95% CI) | BD (n) | Prevalence (1/10,000, 95% CI) | OR (95%CI) | BD (n) | Prevalence (1/10,000, 95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Congenital heart defect | 126 | 46.12 (38.07–54.18) | 0.75 (0.62–0.89) | 1669 | 49.22 (46.85–51.58) | 0.80 (0.75–0.84) | 4284 | 61.80 (59.95–63.65) | 2537 | 65.89 (63.33–68.46) | 1.07 (1.02–1.12) | 1163 | 66.57 (62.74–70.39) | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) |
Polydactyly | 74 | 27.09 (20.92–33.26) | 1.42 (1.13–1.80) | 630 | 18.58 (17.13–20.03) | 0.98 (0.89–1.07) | 1320 | 19.04 (18.01–20.07) | 750 | 19.48 (18.09–20.87) | 1.02 (0.94–1.12) | 411 | 23.53 (21.25–25.80) | 1.24 (1.11–1.38) |
Other external ear defects | 43 | 15.74 (11.38–21.19) | 1.06 (0.78–1.44) | 492 | 14.51 (13.23–15.79) | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) | 1030 | 14.86 (13.95–15.77) | 557 | 14.47 (13.27–15.67) | 0.97 (0.88–1.08) | 245 | 14.02 (12.27–15.78) | 0.94 (0.82–1.08) |
Talipes equinovarus | 33 | 12.08 (8.31–16.95) | 1.60 (1.13–2.28) | 310 | 9.14 (8.12–10.16) | 1.21 (1.05–1.40) | 522 | 7.53 (6.88–8.18) | 214 | 5.56 (4.81–6.30) | 0.74 (0.63–0.87) | 147 | 8.41 (7.05–9.77) | 1.12 (0.93–1.34) |
Syndactyly | 13 | 4.76 (2.53–8.16) | 0.77 (0.44–1.34) | 231 | 6.81 (5.93–7.69) | 1.10 (0.94–1.29) | 429 | 6.19 (5.60–6.77) | 246 | 6.39 (5.59–7.19) | 1.03 (0.88–1.21) | 121 | 6.93 (5.69–8.16) | 1.12 (0.91–1.37) |
Hypospadias | 14 | 5.12 (2.82–8.60) | 0.91 (0.54–1.56) | 130 | 3.83 (3.17–4.49) | 0.68 (0.56–0.83) | 389 | 5.61 (5.05–6.17) | 212 | 5.51 (4.76–6.25) | 0.98 (0.83–1.16) | 120 | 6.87 (5.64–8.10) | 1.22 (1.00–1.50) |
Cleft lip-palate | 35 | 12.81 (8.89–17.83) | 3.33 (2.34–4.74) | 232 | 6.84 (5.96–7.72) | 1.78 (1.49–2.12) | 267 | 3.85 (3.39–4.31) | 144 | 3.74 (3.13–4.35) | 0.97 (0.79–1.19) | 99 | 5.67 (4.55–6.78) | 1.47 (1.17–1.85) |
Hydrocephalus | 16 | 5.86 (3.44–9.52) | 1.77 (1.06–2.93) | 159 | 4.69 (3.96–5.42) | 1.41 (1.15–1.73) | 230 | 3.32 (2.89–3.75) | 96 | 2.49 (1.99–2.99) | 0.75 (0.59–0.95) | 64 | 3.66 (2.77–4.56) | 1.10 (0.84–1.46) |
Limb reduction | 5 | 1.83 (0.59–4.28) | 0.67 (0.27–1.62) | 126 | 3.72 (3.07–4.36) | 1.36 (1.08–1.70) | 190 | 2.74 (2.35–3.13) | 118 | 3.06 (2.51–3.62) | 1.12 (0.89–1.41) | 69 | 3.95 (3.02–4.88) | 1.44 (1.09–1.90) |
Cleft lip | 8 | 2.93 (1.24–5.78) | 1.29 (0.64–2.63) | 110 | 3.24 (2.64–3.85) | 1.43 (1.12–1.83) | 157 | 2.26 (1.91–2.62) | 100 | 2.60 (2.09–3.11) | 1.15 (0.89–1.47) | 72 | 4.12 (3.17–5.07) | 1.82 (1.38–2.41) |
Cleft palate | 2 | 0.73 (0.07–2.64) | 0.27 (0.07–1.09) | 89 | 2.62 (2.08–3.17) | 0.97 (0.75–1.25) | 188 | 2.71 (2.32–3.10) | 118 | 3.06 (2.51–3.62) | 1.13 (0.90–1.42) | 49 | 2.80 (2.07–3.71) | 1.03 (0.76–1.42) |
Anal atresia | 9 | 3.29 (1.46–6.26) | 1.42 (0.72–2.78) | 79 | 2.33 (1.82–2.84) | 1.00 (0.77–1.31) | 161 | 2.32 (1.96–2.68) | 115 | 2.99 (2.44–3.53) | 1.29 (1.01–1.63) | 76 | 4.35 (3.37–5.33) | 1.87 (1.43–2.46) |
Anotia/microtia | 8 | 2.93 (1.24–5.78) | 1.34 (0.66–2.74) | 82 | 2.42 (1.89–2.94) | 1.11 (0.85–1.45) | 151 | 2.18 (1.83–2.53) | 83 | 2.16 (1.69–2.62) | 0.99 (0.76–1.29) | 48 | 2.75 (2.02–3.64) | 1.26 (0.91–1.75) |
Down syndrome | 4 | 1.46 (0.37–3.73) | 1.35 (0.49–3.70) | 42 | 1.24 (0.89–1.67) | 1.14 (0.78–1.67) | 75 | 1.08 (0.84–1.33) | 54 | 1.40 (1.03–1.78) | 1.30 (0.91–1.84) | 67 | 3.84 (2.92–4.75) | 3.55 (2.55–4.93) |
Spina bifida | 6 | 2.20 (0.81–4.80) | 1.88 (0.82–4.31) | 46 | 1.36 (0.99–1.81) | 1.16 (0.81–1.67) | 81 | 1.17 (0.91–1.42) | 28 | 0.73 (0.48–1.05) | 0.62 (0.40–0.96) | 26 | 1.49 (0.97–2.18) | 1.27 (0.82–1.98) |
Diaphragmatic hernia | 2 | 0.73 (0.07–2.64) | 0.87 (0.21–3.58) | 29 | 0.86 (0.57–1.23) | 1.02 (0.65–1.60) | 58 | 0.84 (0.62–1.05) | 43 | 1.12 (0.81–1.50) | 1.33 (0.90–1.98) | 30 | 1.72 (1.16–2.45) | 2.05 (1.32–3.19) |
Omphalocele | 5 | 1.83 (0.59–4.28) | 2.23 (0.89–5.55) | 26 | 0.77 (0.50–1.12) | 0.93 (0.59–1.48) | 57 | 0.82 (0.61–1.04) | 30 | 0.78 (0.52–1.11) | 0.95 (0.61–1.47) | 31 | 1.77 (1.20–2.52) | 2.16 (1.39–3.34) |
Esophageal atresia | 2 | 0.73 (0.07–2.64) | 1.30 (0.31–5.39) | 23 | 0.68 (0.43–1.01) | 1.21 (0.72–2.02) | 39 | 0.56 (0.40–0.77) | 29 | 0.75 (0.50–1.08) | 1.34 (0.83–2.16) | 15 | 0.86 (0.48–1.42) | 1.53 (0.84–2.77) |
Gastroschisis | 8 | 2.93 (1.24–5.78) | 5.80 (2.69–12.51) | 40 | 1.18 (0.84–1.61) | 2.34 (1.48–3.68) | 35 | 0.50 (0.35–0.70) | 9 | 0.23 (0.10–0.44) | 0.46 (0.22–0.96) | 11 | 0.63 (0.31–1.13) | 1.25 (0.63–2.46) |
Anencephaly | 6 | 2.20 (0.81–4.80) | 6.92 (2.81–17.07) | 15 | 0.44 (0.25–0.73) | 1.39 (0.72–2.69) | 22 | 0.32 (0.20–0.48) | 11 | 0.29 (0.14–0.51) | 0.90 (0.44–1.86) | 16 | 0.92 (0.54–1.49) | 2.89 (1.52–5.50) |
Encephalocele | 1 | 0.37 (0.04–2.05) | 1.49 (0.20–11.22) | 21 | 0.62 (0.38–0.94) | 2.53 (1.33–4.79) | 17 | 0.25 (0.14–0.39) | 10 | 0.26 (0.12–0.48) | 1.06 (0.48–2.31) | 4 | 0.23 (0.06–0.58) | 0.93 (0.31–2.77) |
Bladder exstrophy | 1 | 0.37 (0.04–2.05) | 2.54 (0.32–19.82) | 4 | 0.12 (0.03–0.30) | 0.82 (0.26–2.61) | 10 | 0.14 (0.07–0.27) | 7 | 0.18 (0.07–0.37) | 1.26 (0.48–3.31) | 2 | 0.11 (0.01–0.41) | 0.79 (0.17–3.62) |
Conjoined twins | 0 | 0.00 (0.00–1.35) | – | 2 | 0.06 (0.006–0.21) | 2.04 (0.29–14.51) | 2 | 0.03 (0.003–0.10) | 1 | 0.03 (0.003–0.15) | 0.90 (0.08–9.93) | 0 | 0.00 (0.00–0.21) | – |
Other | 199 | 72.84 (62.72–82.96) | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | 2476 | 73.01 (70.14–75.89) | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) | 4832 | 69.70 (67.74–71.67) | 2527 | 65.63 (63.07–68.19) | 0.94 (0.90–0.99) | 1276 | 73.04 (69.03–77.04) | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) |
