Table 4 Results of measurements in age groups.

From: Insight into age-related changes of the human facial skeleton based on medieval European osteological collection

Measurements			Females										Males
			Young adult			Middle adult			Old adult			p value	Young adult			Middle adult			Old adult			p value
			N	\({\overline{\text{x}}}\)	SD	N	\({\overline{\text{x}}}\)	SD	N	x̅	SD	p value	N	\({\overline{\text{x}}}\)	SD	N	\({\overline{\text{x}}}\)	SD	N	\({\overline{\text{x}}}\)	SD	p value
Orbit	OB-IT		28	16.47	2.65	28	17.09	2.55	10	15.90	1.70	0.39	27	17.35	1.70	28	17.49	2.41	14	16.57	1.59	0.41
	OB-B	Left	29	42.85	1.96	29	43.55	2.24	8	44.18	1.44	0.19	27	43.97	1.68	29	44.73	2.09	13	46.24	2.06	0.01*
	OB-B	Right	28	42.99	1.52	29	43.69	2.05	10	44.05	1.24	0.23	29	44.23	2.11	28	44.75	2.37	12	45.83	1.87	0.24
	OB-H	Left	28	34.59	1.56	29	35.06	1.93	9	34.73	2.08	0.20	28	34.59	1.78	29	34.91	1.68	13	35.15	1.85	0.33
	OB-H	Right	29	34.29	1.67	29	35.31	2.14	10	35.00	2.35	0.31	30	34.52	1.88	29	35.07	1.93	12	36.00	1.69	0.046*
	OB-X	Left	28	40.87	1.88	28	41.49	1.62	8	41.52	1.56	0.63	27	42.42	1.92	29	42.94	2.29	13	43.59	1.27	0.21
	OB-X	Right	29	41.21	1.52	29	41.37	2.14	10	41.67	1.53	0.76	29	42.38	2.10	29	42.97	2.40	12	43.35	1.75	0.56
	OB-A	Left	29	1250.48	95.17	29	1303.49	90.21	8	1262.55	69.56	0.10	29	1344.46	128.74	28	1345.54	80.29	13	1350.75	70.17	0.98
	OB-A	Right	29	1236.86	89.18	29	1287.44	94.31	10	1237.55	96.89	0.08	30	1303.15	95.38	29	1314.26	104.80	11	1335.63	61.92	0.19
Piriform aperture	PA-H		29	32.56	2.40	27	33.19	2.20	4	32.03	2.58	0.47	29	33.72	2.52	29	35.19	2.82	11	35.83	2.46	0.21
	PA-B		38	24.10	1.91	35	24.17	1.39	10	24.71	2.37	0.54	37	25.09	2.04	39	25.32	1.79	13	25.68	2.02	0.05
	PA-A		28	560.84	68.44	27	589.97	65.14	4	600.34	42.47	0.31	29	611.08	67.56	28	660.87	78.28	11	701.29	58.42	0.003*
Maxilla	MX-ML		30	36.14	2.40	30	34.72	3.02	9	34.38	3.74	0.08	30	39.01	2.46	30	38.91	3.21	11	37.83	5.30	0.87
	MX-P1	Left	30	34.47	2.31	30	32.97	2.43	9	33.39	4.92	0.07	30	37.89	2.30	30	36.96	2.93	11	36.65	5.01	0.49
	MX-P1	Right	30	34.53	2.40	29	32.54	3.00	9	32.19	4.00	0.03*	30	37.71	2.60	30	36.43	3.31	11	36.02	5.65	0.34
	MX-M1	Left	30	35.96	2.58	17	34.83	3.27	9	27.05	4.69	0.17	30	39.44	2.54	30	38.77	2.80	11	36.40	5.45	0.30
	MX-M1	Right	30	35.73	2.36	16	34.66	3.32	9	31.44	4.24	0.02*	30	39.40	2.45	30	38.28	3.13	11	36.32	6.38	0.18
Mandible	MD-B		28	94.24	5.36	28	93.59	5.41	8	94.18	4.89	0.93	29	99.80	6.09	28	102.39	4.42	8	101.45	6.67	0.17
	MD-H		30	23.66	2.99	29	23.36	2.92	7	24.79	1.68	0.84	32	27.11	2.84	30	27.69	2.90	9	27.70	2.42	0.83
	MD-L	Left	29	81.19	3.41	29	81.60	4.55	8	83.89	3.59	0.22	29	86.34	3.70	29	88.25	5.09	7	86.84	4.02	0.53
	MD-L	Right	30	81.26	3.77	27	80.82	3.73	8	84.28	4.06	0.13	32	86.84	3.63	30	88.09	4.74	9	86.93	4.65	0.68
	MD-RH	Left	25	53.55	4.36	23	54.55	4.06	4	51.97	4.50	0.54	25	58.28	3.37	27	59.02	4.11	6	58.24	1.83	0.37
	MD-RH	Right	28	54.24	4.13	21	55.23	3.58	6	49.77	2.16	0.02*	29	58.97	4.02	28	60.60	3.85	7	59.30	3.42	0.43
	MD-RW	Left	29	26.79	2.54	29	26.85	2.30	7	25.12	1.85	0.13	30	29.79	2.57	30	29.11	3.05	8	29.76	2.76	0.62
	MD-RW	Right	29	26.89	3.10	28	26.61	2.64	8	26.23	2.09	0.74	31	29.60	2.80	29	29.25	3.36	9	29.69	3.81	0.86

*Statistically significant for p < 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA. Bolded values are statistically significant differences.
Abbreviations. Orbits: OB-IT Interorbital distance, OB-B breadth, OB-H height, OB-X X-axis, OB-A surface area. Piriform aperture: PA-H height, PA-B breadth, PA-A surface area. Maxilla: MX-ML height at midline, MX-P1 height at P1, MX-MA height at M1. Mandible: MD-W width, MD-H chin height, MD-L body length, MD-RH maximum ramus height, MD-RW minimum ramus width.

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Table 4 Results of measurements in age groups.

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