Figure 4

Amino acid frequencies in Ethiopia, Thailand and Indonesia at selected P. vivax drug resistance candidates. Each panel presents proportions and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the given amino acid changes. Data are provided on variants that have either (i) previously been associated with drug resistance (association with clinical phenotype) or (ii) are non-synonymous variants in orthologues of P. falciparum drug resistance-associated genes and exhibit substantial differences (non-overlapping CIs) in proportion between Ethiopia and Thailand or Indonesia; the latter class of variants are denoted with (*). For variants that have previously been associated with clinical or ex vivo resistance, frequencies reflect the drug-resistant amino acid, whilst frequencies for the other variants are relative to the reference strain (PvP01).