Table 1 Comparisons of characteristics of mothers, family, and children and dioxin exposure levels between sexes of children.
Characteristics | Units | All (N = 55) | Boys (N = 24) | Girls (N = 31) | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean, [N] | SD, (%) | Mean, [N] | SD, (%) | Mean, [N] | SD, (%) | |||
Mothers | ||||||||
Age | Years | 29.8 | 6.3 | 30.2 | 7.6 | 29.4 | 5.1 | 0.656 |
Parity categories (% primiparae) | % | [26] | (47.3) | [11] | (45.8) | [15] | (48.4) | 1.000 |
Education | Year | 12.6 | 3.2 | 11.6 | 3.1 | 13.4 | 3.0 | 0.038 |
Family | ||||||||
Income per month* | × 106 VND | 13.1 | 4.5 | 14.1 | 5.1 | 12.4 | 3.8 | 0.187 |
Smoking (yes/no) | [30] | (54.5) | [15] | (62.5) | [15] | (48.4) | 0.414 | |
Children | ||||||||
At birth | ||||||||
Gestational weeks | Weeks | 39.2 | 0.9 | 39.3 | 0.7 | 39.1 | 1.0 | 0.408 |
Weight | g | 3312 | 363 | 3343 | 349 | 3288 | 377 | 0.582 |
Length | cm | 50.8 | 1.4 | 51.0 | 1.1 | 50.6 | 1.6 | 0.208 |
Head circumference | cm | 34.3 | 1.2 | 34.3 | 1.3 | 34.3 | 1.3 | 0.971 |
Abdominal circumference | cm | 35.0 | 1.4 | 35.2 | 0.9 | 34.8 | 1.7 | 0.251 |
At the survey | ||||||||
Age | months | 25.8 | 0.7 | 25.7 | 0.7 | 25.9 | 0.7 | 0.358 |
Weight* | kg | 12.4 | 1.6 | 12.9 | 1.8 | 12.0 | 1.4 | 0.039 |
Length* | cm | 86.3 | 3.1 | 87.3 | 3.4 | 85.6 | 2.7 | 0.046 |
Head circumference* | cm | 46.9 | 2.1 | 47.7 | 1.6 | 46.3 | 2.4 | 0.017 |
Abdominal circumference* | cm | 47.7 | 3.6 | 48.1 | 4.1 | 47.4 | 3.2 | 0.473 |
Participants | All (N = 50) | Boys (N = 21) | Girls (N = 29) | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
At the follow-up survey | ||||||||
Age at the survey | Months | 38.7 | 1.6 | 38.6 | 1.7 | 38.8 | 1.6 | 0.620 |
Weight | kg | 15.4 | 2.7 | 16.2 | 2.8 | 14.8 | 2.6 | 0.073 |
Length | cm | 95.4 | 3.8 | 96.6 | 3.8 | 94.5 | 3.7 | 0.055 |
Head circumference | cm | 48.6 | 1.4 | 49.3 | 1.4 | 48.2 | 1.2 | 0.005 |
Abdominal circumference | cm | 49.7 | 5.8 | 50.1 | 6.6 | 49.7 | 5.0 | 0.792 |
Dioxins in breast milk** | ||||||||
TCDD | pg/g lipid | 2.0 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 0.368 |
TEQ-PCDD/Fs | pg-TEQ/g lipid | 7.7 | 1.6 | 7.5 | 1.8 | 7.8 | 1.4 | 0.747 |
