Table 3 Comparisons of percentage of fixation duration (% FD) on areas of face, mouth, and eyes in the different scenes between high and low TCDD exposure groups.

From: Impacts of perinatal dioxin exposure on gaze behavior in 2-year-old children in the largest dioxin-contaminated area in Vietnam

Scenes	Areas	TCDD ≥ 3.5 pg/g lipid						TCDD < 3.5 pg/g lipid						MW-U	ANCOVA
		% FD		Z-score				% FD		Z-score				MW-U	ANCOVA
		Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Adj. mean	SE	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Adj. mean	SE	p-value	p-value
All participants		(N = 11)						(N = 44)
All	Face	42.8	20.4	− 0.259	1.110	− 0.349	0.314	49.6	18.4	0.060	0.980	0.083	0.154	0.385	0.228
Silent	Face	51.5	25.2	− 0.211	1.019	− 0.324	0.300	59.9	23.7	0.110	0.958	0.139	0.147	0.302	0.176
	Mouth	8.3	15.9	− 0.309	0.968	− 0.308	0.311	13.7	14.9	0.099	1.004	0.098	0.152	0.131	0.252
	Eyes	13.9	16.1	− 0.167	0.875	− 0.187	0.319	19.0	20.5	0.065	1.038	0.069	0.156	0.548	0.480
Talking	Face	50.7	27.8	− 0.218	1.265	− 0.319	0.312	57.7	21.3	0.027	0.935	0.052	0.153	0.397	0.296
	Mouth	11.1	9.6	− 0.194	1.035	− 0.169	0.312	13.1	14.3	0.035	0.975	0.029	0.153	0.309	0.577
	Eyes	11.1	9.6	− 0.167	0.913	− 0.270	0.311	13.9	12.8	0.030	1.022	0.056	0.152	0.565	0.356
Boys		(N = 4)						(N = 20)
All	Face	30.3	16.4	− 0.854	0.789	− 0.878	0.485	51.0	20.5	0.143	0.987	0.148	0.213	0.056	0.063
Silent	Face	34.9	16.8	− 0.823	0.645	− 0.837	0.492	61.4	26.0	0.193	0.999	0.196	0.217	0.081	0.066
	Mouth	3.3	6.5	− 0.500	0.525	− 0.501	0.533	10.8	13.4	0.089	1.103	0.089	0.244	0.273	0.326
	Eyes	12.5	14.1	− 0.326	0.655	− 0.324	0.523	21.6	22.9	0.151	1.070	0.150	0.240	0.525	0.420
Talking	Face	33.4	23.9	− 0.917	0.933	− 0.938	0.479	60.4	24.1	0.140	0.943	0.145	0.210	0.045	0.047
	Mouth	1.3	1.6	− 0.748	0.119	− 0.735	0.478	12.6	13.8	0.125	1.016	0.122	0.219	0.627	0.119
	Eyes	10.5	10.2	− 0.270	0.686	− 0.286	0.533	15.7	15.9	0.089	1.102	0.093	0.244	0.115	0.525
Girls		(N = 7)						(N = 24)
All	Face	49.9	19.8	0.081	1.171	0.031	0.429	48.4	16.7	− 0.008	0.991	0.006	0.219	0.562	0.960
Silent	Face	60.9	25.1	0.138	1.063	− 0.059	0.390	58.7	22.1	0.041	0.937	0.099	0.199	0.964	0.729
	Mouth	11.2	19.4	− 0.199	1.177	− 0.042	0.414	16.1	15.9	0.095	0.965	0.049	0.212	0.302	0.852
	Eyes	14.8	18.2	− 0.077	1.017	− 0.160	0.427	16.8	18.5	0.037	1.034	0.061	0.218	0.824	0.660
Talking	Face	60.5	26.3	0.181	1.313	0.173	0.427	55.5	18.8	− 0.068	0.937	-0.066	0.218	0.370	0.634
	Mouth	15.4	18.6	0.123	1.207	0.125	0.425	13.5	14.9	0.001	0.964	0.000	0.217	0.894	0.802
	Eyes	11.4	10.1	− 0.108	1.068	− 0.206	0.420	12.3	9.5	− 0.012	0.999	0.016	0.214	0.929	0.652

Significant values are in bold.
N number of subjects, SD standard deviation, Adj.mean adjusted mean for maternal education, and gender for all participants and for maternal education for each sex, SE standard error, FD fixation duration, MW-U Mann–Whitney U test.

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Table 3 Comparisons of percentage of fixation duration (% FD) on areas of face, mouth, and eyes in the different scenes between high and low TCDD exposure groups.

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