Table 1 Cumulative incidence of long COVID signs and symptoms in Africa.
From: Incidence and burden of long COVID in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
System | Number of cohorts | Total sample size | Cumulative incidence | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Any | 25 | 29,213 | 48.6 | 37.4–59.8 |
Neurological | ||||
Headache | 14 | 10,515 | 12.7 | 9.8–15.5 |
Taste disorder (ageusia or dysgeusia) | 11 | 9128 | 7.1 | 5.0–9.1 |
Smell disorder (anosmia) | 12 | 9926 | 6.7 | 5.0–8.4 |
Cognitive impairment | 4 | 2448 | 15.0 | 10.2–19.7 |
Memory deficits | 3 | 2148 | 7.7 | 4.3–11.1 |
Difficulty concentrating | 4 | 5635 | 10.7 | 5.5–16.0 |
Dizziness | 9 | 8782 | 6.7 | 4.2–9.2 |
Tremors | 2 | 812 | 1.2 | 0.4–1.9 |
Seizures | 2 | 4499 | 0.2 | 0.05–0.25 |
Cramps | 1 | 538 | 2.6 | 1.6–4.3 |
Visual impairment | 5 | 6134 | 7.4 | 3.7–11.1 |
Psychiatric | ||||
PTSD | 2 | 341 | 25.8 | 21.1–30.4 |
Depression | 10 | 18,811 | 18.2 | 10.9–25.4 |
Sleep disorders | 13 | 8333 | 20.3 | 15.8–24.8 |
Anxiety | 8 | 3171 | 24.4 | 18.0–30.8 |
Respiratory | ||||
Cough | 9 | 7836 | 10.7 | 7.5–13.8 |
Dyspnea | 12 | 8057 | 18.3 | 12.2–24.4 |
Nasal congestion | 2 | 3700 | 1.9 | 1.4–2.3 |
Voice change | 1 | 115 | 5.2 | 2.4–10.9 |
Mobility issues | ||||
Mobility impairment | 2 | 3700 | 1.4 | 1.0–1.8 |
Mobility decline | 2 | 3700 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.2 |
Heart | ||||
Palpitations | 8 | 5771 | 11.0 | 7.4–14.6 |
Digestive | ||||
Abdominal pain | 9 | 7210 | 6.1 | 4.0–8.1 |
Diarrhea | 8 | 6908 | 6.2 | 4.3–8.2 |
Vomit | 5 | 2626 | 1.5 | 0.6–2.3 |
Loss of appetite | 6 | 4929 | 12.7 | 9.0–16.4 |
Skin | ||||
Rash | 6 | 6400 | 2.3 | 1.2–3.3 |
Hair loss | 3 | 3872 | 3.5 | 1.7–5.3 |
General | ||||
Weight loss | 4 | 2726 | 10.4 | 4.2–16.7 |
Constitutional | ||||
Myalgia | 11 | 7364 | 15.5 | 11.1–19.9 |
Pain | 11 | 8590 | 11.1 | 8–14.1 |
Fever | 7 | 6974 | 9.9 | 6.7–13.0 |
Fatigue | 15 | 10,577 | 35.4 | 25.6–45.2 |
Arthralgia | 10 | 7285 | 17.3 | 12.4–22.2 |
Sore throat | 6 | 1493 | 5.7 | 2.4–9.0 |
Sweats | 2 | 446 | 4.6 | 2.7–6.5 |
Poor QoL | 1 | 174 | 25.3 | 19.4–32.2 |
