Table 1 Demographic and biochemical characteristics of study participants across combined BMI and metabolic syndrome.

Gender

 Male

1355 (40.8)

464 (46.3)

36 (27.1)

578 (41.9)

277 (34.3)

 Female

1967 (59.2)

539 (53.7)

97 (72.9)

800 (58.1)

531 (65.7)

Age (years)

49.39 ± 14.06

45.12 ± 15.18^2,3,4

55.49 ± 13.30^1,3

48.74 ± 13.16^1,2,4

54.77 ± 12.01^1,3

Education

 Illiterate

439 (13.2)

93 (9.3)

28 (21.1)

151 (11)

167 (20.7)

 High school

1209 (36.4)

281 (28)

53 (39.8)

526 (38.2)

349 (43.2)

 Diploma

1036 (31.2)

355 (35.4)

35 (26.3)

440 (31.9)

206 (25.5)

 Bachelor

504 (15.2)

216 (21.5)

13 (9.8)

205 (14.9)

70 (8.7)

 Higher than bachelor

134 (4.0)

58 (5.8)

4 (3)

56 (4.1)

16 (2)

Marital status

 Single

295 (8.9)

159 (15.9)

13 (9.8)

93 (6.7)

30 (3.7)

 Married

2846 (85.7)

806 (80.4)

109 (82)

1221 (88.6)

710 (87.9)

 Death of wife

155 (4.7)

30 (3)

11 (8.3)

50 (3.6)

64 (7.9)

 Separated

26 (0.8)

8 (0.8)

0 (0)

14 (1)

4 (0.5)

Body weight (kg)

72.48 ± 13.81

61.41 ± 8.98^3,4

61.41 ± 7.65^3,4

77.37 ± 11.62^1,2,4

79.72 ± 13.39^1,2,3

BMI (kg/m²)

26.88 ± 4.52

22.17 ± 2.09^2,3,4

23.28 ± 1.42^1,3,4

28.73 ± 3.23^1,2,4

30.17 ± 3.74^1,2,3

WC (cm)

93.32 ± 11.56

83.73 ± 8.68^2,3,4

91.38 ± 7.35^1,3,4

95.39 ± 9.82^1,2,4

101.98 ± 9.25^1,2,3

Waist to hip ratio

0.92 ± 1.19

0.86 ± 0.08²

1.43 ± 5.92^1,2,3

0.89 ± 0.08²

0.94 ± 0.08²

SBP (mmHg)

120.7 ± 18.6

113.88 ± 17.24^2,3,4

127.65 ± 17.68^1,3

118.46 ± 16.77^1,2,4

131.83 ± 18.02^1,3

DBP (mmHg)

77.8 ± 11.28

74.61 ± 10.64^2,3,4

80.37 ± 11.46^1,3,4

76.62 ± 10.33^1,2,4

83.31 ± 11.53^1,2,3

TC (mg/dL)

171.46 ± 49.68

159.07 ± 48.88^2,3,4

174.22 ± 53.76¹

172.97 ± 46.32^1,4

183.81 ± 51.88^1,3

LDL-C (mg/dL)

96.49 ± 30.6

91 ± 31.1^3,4

96.34 ± 31.25

98.48 ± 28.74¹

99.94 ± 32.02¹

HDL-C (mg/dL)

51.02 ± 11.09

53.61 ± 11.3^2,4

45.64 ± 8.30^1,3

52.58 ± 11.02^2,4

46.03 ± 9.33^1,3

TG (mg/dL)

154.32 ± 69.13

130.33 ± 62.86^2,3,4

200.13 ± 99.03^1,3

142.27 ± 57.78^1,2,4

197.13 ± 65.70^1,3

FBS (mg/dL)

90.23 ± 27.67

84.34 ± 20.15^2,4

110.16 ± 45.72^1,3,4

84.78 ± 16.93^2,4

103.55 ± 38.46^1,2,3

ACR (mg/g Cr)

18.85 ± 44.24

16.10 ± 34.90⁴

23.52 ± 42.91

16.74 ± 36.60⁴

25.08 ± 62.45^1,3

eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m²)

89.3 ± 20.5

93.63 ± 16.5^1,2,3

84.23 ± 16.27^1,3

89.6 ± 15.91^1,2,4

84.39 ± 29.26^1,3

Albuminuria

 Yes

325 (10)

68 (6.9)

20 (15.6)

113 (8.4)

124 (15.7)

 No

2913 (90)

912 (93.1)

108 (84.4)

1228 (91.6)

665 (84.3)

Hematuria

 Yes

325 (9.8)

96 (9.6)

12 (9)

131 (9.5)

86 (10.6)

 No

2997 (90.2)

907 (90.4)

121 (91)

1247 (90.5)

722 (89.4)

CKD

 Yes

628 (18.9)

151 (15.1)

32 (24.1)

232 (16.8)

213 (26.4)

 No

2694 (81.1)

852 (84.9)

101 (75.9)

1146 (83.2)

595 (73.6)

Metabolic syndrome

 Yes

941 (28.3)

0

133 (100)

0

808 (100)

 No

2381 (71.7)

1003 (100)

0

1378 (1000

0

Smoking

 Yes

527 (15.9)

182 (18.1)

19 (14.3)

214 (15.5)

112 (13.9)

 No

2795 (84.1)

821 (81.9)

114 (85.7)

1164 (84.5)

696 (86.1)

Alcohol consumption

 Yes

118 (3.6)

48 (4.8)

2 (1.5)

45 (3.3)

23 (2.9)

 No

3202 (96.4)

954 (95.2)

131 (98.5)

1333 (96.7)

784 (97.1)

Kidney stone

 Yes

547 (16.5)

124 (12.4)

23 (17.3)

235 (17.1)

165 (20.4)

 No

2775 (83.5)

879 (87.6)

110 (82.7)

1143 (82.9)

643 (79.6)

Sport index ()

2 ± 0.67

2.03 ± 0.7⁴

1.93 ± 0.63

2.04 ± 0.67⁴

1.91 ± 0.61^1,3