Table 1 General characteristics of baseline study population by survival status (2008–2018).
Variables | Total | All-cause mortality | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
Total | 3578 (100.0) | 1052 (29.4) | 2526 (70.6) | |
Frailty | < .0001 | |||
Low risk | 2076 (58.0) | 456 (22.0) | 1620 (78.0) | |
Moderate risk | 1420 (39.7) | 544 (38.3) | 876 (61.7) | |
Severe risk | 82 (2.3) | 52 (63.4) | 30 (36.6) | |
Gender | < .0001 | |||
Male | 1508 (42.1) | 532 (35.3) | 976 (64.7) | |
Female | 2070 (57.9) | 520 (25.1) | 1550 (74.9) | |
Age | < .0001 | |||
65–69 | 1198 (33.5) | 163 (13.6) | 1035 (86.4) | |
70–74 | 1077 (30.1) | 269 (25.0) | 808 (75.0) | |
75–79 | 685 (19.1) | 255 (37.2) | 430 (62.8) | |
80–84 | 394 (11.0) | 198 (50.3) | 196 (49.7) | |
85 ≤ | 224 (6.3) | 167 (74.6) | 57 (25.4) | |
Region | 0.2490 | |||
Urban | 2471 (69.1) | 712 (28.8) | 1759 (71.2) | |
Rural | 1107 (30.9) | 340 (30.7) | 767 (69.3) | |
Education level | 0.0006 | |||
Lower than middle school | 2526 (70.6) | 794 (31.4) | 1732 (68.6) | |
Middle school graduate | 392 (11.0) | 94 (24.0) | 298 (76.0) | |
High School graduate | 456 (12.7) | 111 (24.3) | 345 (75.7) | |
University graduate | 204 (5.7) | 53 (26.0) | 151 (74.0) | |
Income level | 0.8881 | |||
Low | 2054 (57.4) | 622 (30.3) | 1432 (69.7) | |
Middle low | 722 (20.2) | 182 (25.2) | 540 (74.8) | |
Middle high | 505 (14.1) | 151 (29.9) | 354 (70.1) | |
High | 297 (8.3) | 97 (32.7) | 200 (67.3) | |
Economic activity | < .0001 | |||
Active | 768 (21.5) | 154 (20.1) | 614 (79.9) | |
Inactive | 2810 (78.5) | 898 (32.0) | 1912 (68.0) | |
Medical coverage type | 0.0019 | |||
National Health Insurance | 3370 (94.2) | 971 (28.8) | 2399 (71.2) | |
Medical aid | 208 (5.8) | 81 (38.9) | 127 (61.1) | |
Private insurance | < .0001 | |||
No | 3269 (91.4) | 1006 (30.8) | 2263 (69.2) | |
Yes | 309 (8.6) | 46 (14.9) | 263 (85.1) | |
Smoking | < .0001 | |||
Current | 509 (14.2) | 204 (40.1) | 305 (59.9) | |
Past | 498 (13.9) | 181 (36.3) | 317 (63.7) | |
Never | 2571 (71.9) | 667 (25.9) | 1904 (74.1) | |
Drinking | 0.2411 | |||
Current | 955 (26.7) | 271 (28.4) | 684 (71.6) | |
Past | 451 (12.6) | 180 (39.9) | 271 (60.1) | |
Never | 2172 (60.7) | 601 (27.7) | 1571 (72.3) | |
Depression | < .0001 | |||
No | 2493 (69.7) | 650 (26.1) | 1843 (73.9) | |
Yes | 1085 (30.3) | 402 (37.1) | 683 (62.9) | |
Participation in social activities | < .0001 | |||
No | 1165 (32.6) | 462 (39.7) | 703 (60.3) | |
Yes | 2413 (67.4) | 590 (24.5) | 1823 (75.5) | |
Hypertension | 0.2049 | |||
No | 1997 (55.8) | 570 (28.5) | 1427 (71.5) | |
Yes | 1581 (44.2) | 482 (30.5) | 1099 (69.5) | |
Diabetes | 0.0020 | |||
No | 2933 (82.0) | 830 (28.3) | 2103 (71.7) | |
Yes | 645 (18.0) | 222 (34.4) | 423 (65.6) | |
Cancer | < .0001 | |||
No | 3457 (96.6) | 997 (28.8) | 2460 (71.2) | |
Yes | 121 (3.4) | 55 (45.5) | 66 (54.5) | |
Lung disease | 0.0006 | |||
No | 3436 (96.0) | 992 (28.9) | 2444 (71.1) | |
Yes | 142 (4.0) | 60 (42.3) | 82 (57.7) | |
Liver disease | 0.0164 | |||
No | 3507 (98.0) | 1022 (29.1) | 2485 (70.9) | |
Yes | 71 (2.0) | 30 (42.3) | 41 (57.7) | |
Cardiovascular disease | 0.1953 | |||
No | 3265 (91.3) | 950 (29.1) | 2315 (70.9) | |
Yes | 313 (8.7) | 102 (32.6) | 211 (67.4) | |
Cerebrovascular disease | < .0001 | |||
No | 3388 (94.7) | 958 (28.3) | 2430 (71.7) | |
Yes | 190 (5.3) | 94 (49.5) | 96 (50.5) | |
Psychiatric disease | 0.1432 | |||
No | 3481 (97.3) | 1017 (29.2) | 2464 (70.8) | |
Yes | 97 (2.7) | 35 (36.1) | 62 (63.9) | |
Arthritis/rheumatism | 0.0045 | |||
No | 2505 (70.0) | 772 (30.8) | 1733 (69.2) | |
Yes | 1073 (30.0) | 280 (26.1) | 793 (73.9) | |
