Table 3 Cox proportional hazards model for frailty and all-cause mortality.

Frailty

 Low risk

1.00

–

 Moderate risk

1.52

(1.37–1.69)

 Severe risk

3.10

(2.55–3.77)

Gender

 Male

1.59

(1.40–1.81)

 Female

1.00

–

Age

 65–69

1.00

–

 70–74

1.74

(1.47–2.06)

 75–79

2.87

(2.42–3.40)

 80–84

4.34

(3.64–5.18)

 85 ≤ 

8.75

(7.27–10.53)

Region

 Urban

1.00

–

 Rural

0.96

(0.88–1.06)

Education level

 Lower than middle school

1.09

(0.89–1.34)

 Middle school graduate

0.96

(0.76–1.22)

 High school graduate

0.86

(0.68–1.08)

 University graduate

1.00

–

Income level

 Low

0.99

(0.85–1.15)

 Middle low

0.88

(0.74–1.05)

 Middle high

1.00

(0.84–1.20)

 High

1.00

–

Economic activity

 Active

1.00

–

 Inactive

1.19

(1.05–1.36)

Medical coverage type

 National health insurance

0.99

(0.84–1.16)

 Medical aid

1.00

–

Private insurance

 No

1.00

–

 Yes

0.79

(0.63–1.00)

Smoking

 Current

1.79

(1.57–2.04)

 Past

1.41

(1.23–1.60)

 Never

1.00

–

Drinking

 Current

0.86

(0.76–0.97)

 Past

0.98

(0.86–1.11)

 Never

1.00

–

Depression

 No

1.00

–

 Yes

1.05

(0.96–1.16)

Participation in social activities

 No

1.00

–

 Yes

0.79

(0.72–0.86)

Hypertension

 No

1.00

–

 Yes

0.93

(0.85–1.02)

Diabetes

 No

1.00

–

 Yes

1.29

(1.17–1.43)

Cancer

 No

1.00

–

 Yes

1.66

(1.41–1.95)

Lung disease

 No

1.00

–

 Yes

1.41

(1.18–1.69)

Liver disease

 No

1.00

–

 Yes

1.98

(1.57–2.49)

Cardiovascular disease

 No

1.00

–

 Yes

0.98

(0.85–1.12)

Cerebrovascular disease

 No

1.00

–

 Yes

1.30

(1.12–1.51)

Psychiatric disease

 No

1.00

–

 Yes

1.19

(0.97–1.47)

Arthritis/rheumatism

 No

1.00

–

 Yes

0.84

(0.77–0.93)