Table 3 Mean ± standard deviation gait biomechanical outcomes at baseline and 2-year follow-up, as well as correlations with changes (Δ) in tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint space.

From: Exploring relationships among multi-disciplinary assessments for knee joint health in service members with traumatic unilateral lower limb loss: a two-year longitudinal investigation

 

Baseline (n = 17)

Follow-up (n = 17)

P-value

Effect Size

(Cohen’s d)

Δ Medial Tibiofemoral Joint Space

Δ Lateral Tibiofemoral Joint Space

Δ Medial Patellofemoral Joint Space

Δ Lateral Patellofemoral Joint Space

Walking speed (m/s)

1.32 ± 0.12

1.30 ± 0.10

0.61

0.18

− 0.16

0.12

− 0.24

0.14

Stride length (m)

1.48 ± 0.09

1.47 ± 0.08

0.90

0.12

− 0.41

0.19

− 0.31

0.08

Stride width (m)

0.17 ± 0.03

0.17 ± 0.03

0.82

0.00

0.31

0.20

0.44

0.19

Cadence (steps/min)

107.1 ± 6.0

106.1 ± 5.7

0.31

0.17

− 0.28

− 0.36

− 0.29

− 0.08

Peak knee flexion (°)

68.1 ± 5.9

69.3 ± 6.2

0.41

0.20

0.12

− 0.31

0.30

0.24

Sagittal knee range of motion (°)

69.3 ± 6.2

66.6 ± 4.2

0.03*

0.51

− 0.06

− 0.13

0.01

− 0.13

Knee adduction moment (KAM) peak (BW·Ht)

1.64 ± 0.72

1.76 ± 0.88

0.49

0.15

0.41

0.64*

− 0.29

− 0.58*

KAM loading rate (BW·Ht·s−1)

4.48 ± 1.25

4.93 ± 1.74

0.32

0.30

0.05

0.42

− 0.80

− 0.75*

KAM impulse (BW·Ht·s)

0.72 ± 0.37

0.79 ± 0.37

0.23

0.19

0.61*

0.48

− 0.06

− 0.51

Knee flexion moment peak (BW·Ht)

8.17 ± 3.36

6.56 ± 3.08

0.05*

0.50

− 0.39

− 0.42

0.05

0.43

Joint contact forces (BW)

 Total

3.60 ± 0.41

3.71 ± 0.43

0.45

0.26

− 0.16

0.05

0.08

0.19

 Medial

2.75 ± 0.41

2.84 ± 0.39

0.52

0.22

0.11

0.53

− 0.53

− 0.66*

 Lateral

1.45 ± 0.26

1.40 ± 0.29

0.56

0.18

− 0.64*

− 0.38

− 0.19

0.30

  1. Correlations in bold indicate p < 0.05. Correlation in bold and italicized indicate p < 0.01.
  2. Bolded values with asterisks indicate significance (p ≤ 0.05).
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