Table 1 Characteristics of study participants based on SUA quartile, weighted.

N

5895

1417

1490

1411

1577

Age (years)

42.803 ± 14.472

41.84 ± 14.65

42.88 ± 14.48

43.28 ± 14.47

43.19 ± 14.27

Weight (kg)

79.903 ± 18.136

68.62 ± 14.86

75.93 ± 15.93

83.98 ± 17.00

90.08 ± 16.80

Height (cm)

169.562 ± 9.906

164.29 ± 7.90

167.58 ± 9.48

171.71 ± 10.21

174.22 ± 8.83

BMI (kg/m²)

27.717 ± 5.613

25.39 ± 5.14

27.05 ± 5.38

28.51 ± 5.54

29.71 ± 5.42

Waist circumference (cm)

95.442 ± 14.425

87.35 ± 12.73

92.65 ± 13.30

98.27 ± 13.48

102.78 ± 13.19

Calcium supplementation (mg)

930.341 ± 552.087

901.94 ± 535.53

922.57 ± 532.66

933.40 ± 567.25

960.28 ± 568.76

Serum creatinine (mg/dL)

0.868 ± 0.171

0.76 ± 0.13

0.83 ± 0.15

0.91 ± 0.16

0.97 ± 0.16

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

97.444 ± 18.027

102.11 ± 17.49

97.90 ± 18.18

96.29 ± 17.98

93.85 ± 17.46

Serum albumin (g/L)

42.941 ± 3.063

42.28 ± 3.00

42.71 ± 3.03

43.04 ± 3.03

43.67 ± 3.02

Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)

26.387 ± 18.451

20.44 ± 17.55

24.39 ± 16.07

27.71 ± 16.50

32.38 ± 20.76

Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)

25.684 ± 14.006

22.81 ± 18.06

24.67 ± 11.18

26.52 ± 11.95

28.46 ± 13.17

Alkaline phosphatase (U/L)

66.558 ± 21.283

61.47 ± 19.97

66.24 ± 20.76

68.82 ± 22.43

69.44 ± 21.01

Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)

12.017 ± 3.810

11.04 ± 3.46

11.77 ± 3.75

12.21 ± 3.72

12.95 ± 4.01

Serum calcium (mg/dL)

9.460 ± 0.351

9.40 ± 0.36

9.45 ± 0.35

9.47 ± 0.33

9.52 ± 0.35

Cholesterol (mg/dL)

200.399 ± 39.926

194.49 ± 37.01

200.94 ± 41.91

201.16 ± 38.90

204.56 ± 40.87

Serum phosphorus (mg/dL)

3.781 ± 0.561

3.84 ± 0.52

3.80 ± 0.57

3.75 ± 0.56

3.74 ± 0.59

Total protein (g/L)

71.388 ± 4.315

70.57 ± 4.26

70.96 ± 4.14

71.63 ± 4.32

72.30 ± 4.32

C-reactive protein (mg/L)

0.346 ± 0.736

0.29 ± 0.56

0.33 ± 0.55

0.38 ± 0.91

0.38 ± 0.84

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.377 ± 0.410

1.55 ± 0.42

1.43 ± 0.41

1.32 ± 0.39

1.23 ± 0.35

Total femur BMD(g/cm²)

0.988 ± 0.146

0.92 ± 0.14

0.97 ± 0.14

1.01 ± 0.14

1.04 ± 0.13

Total spine BMD (g/cm²)

1.042 ± 0.130

1.02 ± 0.13

1.04 ± 0.14

1.05 ± 0.13

1.06 ± 0.12

Total TBS

1.402 ± 0.135

1.44 ± 0.11

1.42 ± 0.12

1.39 ± 0.14

1.36 ± 0.15

Gender (%)

 Men

50.772

13.35

37.05

66.31

83.24

 Women

49.228

86.65

62.95

33.69

16.76

Income to poverty ratio (%)

 Low

39.83

40.226

42.349

39.05

37.793

 Middle

26.751

27.17

25.034

26.931

27.838

 High

33.418

32.604

32.617

34.018

34.369

Race/ethnicity (%)

 Mexican American

9.003

9.19

9.79

8.87

8.25

 Other race/ethnicity

10.328

11.13

9.42

11.06

9.79

 Non-Hispanic white

70.578

69.51

70.52

69.98

72.12

 Non-Hispanic black

10.09

10.18

10.27

10.1

9.84

Education (%)

 Less than high school

16.949

15.32

17.7

18.41

16.45

 High school

24.073

22.04

26.09

24.14

24.02

 More than high school

58.928

62.56

56.21

57.45

59.41

 Not recorded

0.051

0.08

0.11

Marital status (%)

 Married/living with a partner

66.487

66.71

63.49

66.25

69.21

 Widowed/divorced/separated

15.326

16.41

17.55

15.67

12.03

 Never married

18.138

16.81

18.82

18.08

18.77

 Not recorded

0.049

0.06

0.14

Drinking status (%)

 Yes

75.186

66.11

72.25

78.41

83.19

 No

21.378

29.42

24.8

17.95

14.05

 Not recorded

3.436

4.48

2.95

3.64

2.76

Smoke (%)

 Yes

25.536

22.54

25.93

28.76

25.04

 No

22.031

17.31

18.63

23.23

27.43

 Not recorded

52.433

60.15

55.45

47

47.53

Sleep (%)

 < 6 h

13.367

11.29

13.72

13.51

14.8

 = 6 h

23.033

20.02

23.45

25.28

23.39

 7–8 h

57.741

61.02

57.26

56.17

56.61

 > 8 h

5.86

7.68

5.57

5.04

5.2