Table 4 Sex- and age-specific associations between psychological distress and never voting (not having voted in the past and planning not to vote in the future) in nine countries of the former Soviet Union.

From: Psychological distress and voting behaviour in nine countries of the former Soviet Union

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

Sex

 Men (N = 6744a)

  Psychological distress

1.22 (0.86–1.72)

1.23 (0.86–1.76)

1.14 (0.79–1.65)

1.06 (0.73–1.53)

1.01 (0.69–1.47)

 Women (N = 8924b)

  Psychological distress

1.99 (1.49–2.67)***

1.92 (1.42–2.60)***

1.92 (1.41–2.62)***

1.86 (1.36–2.54)***

1.76 (1.28–2.41)***

Age

 18–34 (N = 5660c)

  Psychological distress

1.85 (1.29–2.65)**

1.69 (1.17–2.45)**

1.70 (1.16–2.49)**

1.63 (1.11–2.40)*

1.51 (1.03–2.22)*

 35–59 (N = 6951d)

  Psychological distress

1.92 (1.41–2.60)***

1.75 (1.28–2.40)***

1.71 (1.23–2.36)**

1.67 (1.20–2.31)**

1.55 (1.11–2.15)*

 ≥ 60 (N = 3059e)

  Psychological distress

2.23 (1.31–3.80)**

1.80 (1.05–3.09)*

1.74 (1.00–3.00)*

1.64 (0.94–2.84)

1.61 (0.92–2.81)

  1. Model 1 examined the bivariate association between psychological distress and never voting; Model 2 additionally adjusted for sex and age (where
  2. appropriate), education, marital status, household finances, living alone, location; Model 3 was additionally adjusted for self-rated health; Model 4
  3. was additionally adjusted for low social support; Model 5 was additionally adjusted for political distrust.
  4. All models were adjusted for country.
  5. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
  6. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 (Wald test).
  7. aThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 6744 and 6756.
  8. bThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 8924 and 8942.
  9. cThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 5660 and 5673.
  10. dThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 6951 and 6963.
  11. eThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 3059 and 3068.
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