Table 6 Associations between psychological distress and never voting (not having voted in the past and planning not to vote in the future) in different types of political regime and in the individual study countries.

From: Psychological distress and voting behaviour in nine countries of the former Soviet Union

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

Regime

 Flawed (N = 3405a)

  Psychological distress

1.66 (0.89–3.09)

1.56 (0.80–3.06)

1.71 (0.86–3.40)

1.66 (0.83–3.32)

1.59 (0.79–3.19)

 Hybrid (N = 7564b)

  Psychological distress

1.83 (1.37–2.44)***

1.85 (1.37–2.50)***

1.71 (1.26–2.34)**

1.66 (1.21–2.27)**

1.59 (1.16–2.19)**

 Authoritarian (N = 4699c)

  Psychological distress

1.36 (0.95–1.94)

1.20 (0.83–1.73)

1.21 (0.83–1.75)

1.12 (0.77–1.63)

1.00 (0.68–1.47)

Country

 Armenia (N = 1349d)

  Psychological distress

1.70 (0.78–3.73)

1.62 (0.72–3.62)

1.87 (0.80–4.38)

1.84 (0.78–4.32)

1.86 (0.79–4.38)

 Azerbaijan (N = 1574e)

  Psychological distress

1.13 (0.67–1.92)

0.95 (0.55–1.66)

1.00 (0.57–1.75)

0.91 (0.51–1.61)

0.83 (0.46–1.50)

 Belarus (N = 1603f)

  Psychological distress

1.28 (0.65–2.49)

1.23 (0.62–2.44)

1.22 (0.60–2.48)

1.20 (0.59–2.45)

1.08 (0.52–2.22)

 Georgia (N = 2001g)

  Psychological distress

2.81 (1.53–5.15)**

2.89 (1.51–5.51)**

2.39 (1.24–4.60)**

2.29 (1.19–4.42)*

2.24 (1.14–4.39)*

 Kazakhstan (N = 1519h)

  Psychological distress

1.34 (0.71–2.55)

1.30 (0.66–2.57)

1.22 (0.61–2.41)

1.16 (0.59–2.31)

1.08 (0.54–2.15)

 Kyrgyzstan (N = 1640i)

  Psychological distress

1.94 (0.94–4.00)

1.74 (0.81–3.74)

2.04 (0.92–4.52)

1.88 (0.84–4.20)

1.75 (0.78–3.94)

 Moldova (N = 1643j)

  Psychological distress

1.04 (0.34–3.23)

1.01 (0.31–3.30)

0.96 (0.29–3.21)

0.96 (0.29–3.22)

0.91 (0.27–3.11)

 Russia (N = 2567k)

  Psychological distress

1.45 (0.93–2.26)

1.52 (0.95–2.42)

1.37 (0.85–2.21)

1.35 (0.83–2.19)

1.36 (0.83–2.24)

 Ukraine (N = 1761l)

  Psychological distress

1.52 (0.62–3.75)

1.22 (0.46–3.25)

1.44 (0.53–3.92)

1.41 (0.52–3.83)

1.37 (0.50–3.75)

  1. Model 1 examined the bivariate association between psychological distress and never voting; Model 2 was additionally adjusted for sex, age, education, marital status, household finances, living alone, location; Model 3 was additionally adjusted for self-rated health; Model 4 was additionally adjusted for low social support; Model 5 was additionally adjusted for political distrust.
  2. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
  3. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 (Wald test).
  4. aThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 3405 and 3411.
  5. bThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 7564 and 7580.
  6. cThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 4699 and 4713.
  7. dThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 1349 and 1353.
  8. eThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 1574 and 1586.
  9. fThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 1603 and 1607.
  10. gThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 2001 and 2010.
  11. hThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 1519 and 1525.
  12. iThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 1640 and 1641.
  13. jThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 1643 and 1647.
  14. kThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 2567 and 2582.
  15. lThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 1761 and 1765.
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