Table 7 Associations between psychological distress and past voting only (having voted in the past but planning not to vote in the future) in different types of political regime and in the individual study countries.

From: Psychological distress and voting behaviour in nine countries of the former Soviet Union

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

Regime

 Flawed (N = 3444a)

  Psychological distress

1.97 (1.15–3.38)*

1.54 (0.86–2.75)

1.67 (0.92–3.03)

1.46 (0.80–2.67)

1.33 (0.72–2.47)

 Hybrid (N = 7379b)

  Psychological distress

1.75 (1.28–2.40)***

1.65 (1.19–2.28)**

1.57 (1.13–2.20)**

1.50 (1.07–2.11)*

1.45 (1.03–2.04)*

 Authoritarian (N = 4221c)

  Psychological distress

1.25 (0.75–2.08)

0.95 (0.56–1.62)

0.95 (0.56–1.62)

0.89 (0.52–1.52)

0.80 (0.46–1.37)

Country

 Armenia (N = 1472d)

  Psychological distress

1.66 (0.89–3.12)

2.05 (1.05–4.00)*

2.14 (1.06–4.33)*

2.05 (0.99–4.25)

2.06 (0.99–4.28)

 Azerbaijan (N = 1228e)

  Psychological distress

3.01 (1.42–6.39)**

1.90 (0.82–4.39)

1.65 (0.71–3.86)

1.64 (0.71–3.83)

1.43 (0.60–3.43)

 Belarus (N = 1526f)

  Psychological distress

0.79 (0.28–2.21)

0.75 (0.26–2.15)

0.79 (0.27–2.31)

0.76 (0.26–2.23)

0.66 (0.22–1.97)

 Georgia (N = 1940g)

  Psychological distress

2.71 (1.30–5.65)**

2.18 (1.02–4.67)*

2.03 (0.94–4.42)

1.93 (0.88–4.20)

1.91 (0.87–4.21)

 Kazakhstan (N = 1458h)

  Psychological distress

1.12 (0.50–2.51)

0.78 (0.34–1.82)

0.83 (0.35–1.95)

0.74 (0.31–1.76)

0.72 (0.30–1.73)

 Kyrgyzstan (N = 1619i)

  Psychological distress

1.28 (0.50–3.27)

1.57 (0.60–4.11)

1.23 (0.46–3.30)

1.12 (0.41–3.03)

1.04 (0.38–2.85)

 Moldova (N = 1633j)

  Psychological distress

2.64 (1.19–5.82)*

2.00 (0.85–4.68)

2.37 (0.98–5.74)

2.08 (0.84–5.12)

1.91 (0.76–4.78)

 Russia (N = 2344k)

  Psychological distress

1.64 (0.96–2.81)

1.53 (0.88–2.68)

1.50 (0.85–2.65)

1.48 (0.84–2.62)

1.47 (0.83–2.60)

 Ukraine (N = 1809l)

  Psychological distress

1.21 (0.50–2.91)

0.87 (0.34–2.23)

0.90 (0.35–2.32)

0.79 (0.30–2.09)

0.72 (0.27–1.92)

  1. Model 1 examined the bivariate association between psychological distress and past voting only; Model 2 was additionally adjusted for sex, age, education, marital status, household finances, living alone, location; Model 3 was additionally adjusted for self-rated health; Model 4 was additionally adjusted for low social support; Model 5 was additionally adjusted for political distrust.
  2. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.
  3. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 (Wald test).
  4. aThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 3444 and 3449.
  5. bThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 7379 and 7401.
  6. cThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 4221 and 4236.
  7. dThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 1472 and 1475.
  8. eThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 1228 and 1243.
  9. fThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 1526 and 1530.
  10. gThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 1940 and 1950.
  11. hThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 1458 and 1468.
  12. iThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 1619 and 1620.
  13. jThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 1633 and 1636.
  14. kThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 2344 and 2357.
  15. lThe sample size of the imputed datasets varied between 1809 and 1815.
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