Table 3 Longitudinal multilevel model results (RQ1, Hypothesis H1a and RQ2 Hypothesis H2a) for variables related to knowledge, self-efficacy (RQ1), and behavioural intention (RQ2) concepts between scores pre-training (Time 1), immediately post-training (Time 2), and 1–2 months post-training (Time 3).

(a) Knowledge and self-efficacy

 (Intercept)

4.98

4.67–5.30

 < 0.001

5.07

4.76–5.38

 < 0.001

5.58

5.31–5.85

 < 0.001

5.91

5.66 to 6.16

 < 0.001

5.67

5.41–5.93

 < 0.001

 Time²

1.1

0.75–1.45

 < 0.001

0.69

0.38–0.99

 < 0.001

0.54

0.28–0.80

 < 0.001

0.53

0.26 to 0.79

 < 0.001

0.59

0.34–0.84

 < 0.001

 Time³

0.61

0.24–0.97

0.001

0.45

0.13–0.76

0.006

0.37

0.10–0.64

0.007

0.18

− 0.10 to 0.45

0.208

0.31

0.05–0.57

0.019

 Random effects

  σ²

0.95

0.73

0.52

0.55

0.48

  τ₀₀

0.59_{respondent_id}

0.77_{respondent_id}

0.62_{respondent_id}

0.44_{respondent_id}

0.57_{respondent_id}

  ICC

0.38

0.51

0.54

0.44

0.54

  N

63_{respondent_id}

63_{respondent_id}

63_{respondent_id}

63_{respondent_id}

63_{respondent_id}

  Observations

177

177

177

177

177

  Marginal R²/conditional R²

0.120/0.455

0.053/0.540

0.044/0.563

0.048/0.471

0.054/0.568

(b) Behavioural intention

 (Intercept)

4.35

3.90 to 4.79

 < 0.001

5.49

5.08 to 5.90

 < 0.001

5.55

5.15–5.95

 < 0.001

5.49

5.10 to 5.88

 < 0.001

 Time²

1.32

0.83 to 1.82

 < 0.001

0.86

0.36 to 1.37

0.001

0.91

0.43–1.39

 < 0.001

0.85

0.38 to 1.32

 < 0.001

 Time³

0.47

− 0.04 to 0.99

0.071

0.43

− 0.09 to 0.95

0.103

0.58

0.09–1.07

0.022

0.37

− 0.11 to 0.86

0.126

 Random effects

  σ²

1.91

1.95

1.77

1.69

  τ₀₀

1.15_{respondent_id}

0.63_{respondent_id}

0.75_{respondent_id}

0.64 _{respondent_id}

  ICC

0.38

0.25

0.3

0.27

  N

63_{respondent_id}

63_{respondent_id}

63_{respondent_id}

63 _{respondent_id}

  Observations

177

177

177

177

  Marginal R²/conditional R²

0.092/0.434

0.047/0.281

0.054/0.335

0.051 / 0.311