Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort.

From: Noninvasive evaluation of pulmonary artery stiffness in heart failure patients via cardiovascular magnetic resonance

Variable

Controls (n = 19)

HFpEF (n = 20)

HFmrEF (n = 18)

HFrEF (n = 17)

p value

Controls vs. HFpEF

Controls vs. HFmrEF

Controls vs. HFrEF

Age (years)

62 ± 9

76 ± 9

67 ± 10

65 ± 11

 < 0.001

0.059

0.718

Men

9 (53%)

11 (55%)

12 (67%)

14 (82%)

0.376

0.155

0.022

BMI (kg/m2)

25.48 ± 3.28

27.60 ± 3.55

26.35 ± 4.19

28.99 ± 3.78

0.218

0.402

0.104

Smoking

0 (0)

9 (45%)

14 (78%)

11 (65%)

0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Arterial hypertension

0 (0)

16 (80%)

15 (83%)

13 (76%)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Hypercholesterolemia

0 (0)

12 (60%)

13 (72%)

10 (59%)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Diabetes mellitus

0 (0)

5 (25%)

3 (17%)

5 (29%)

0.020

0.063

0.011

Stroke

0 (0)

2 (10%)

0 (0)

1 (6%)

0.157

–

0.284

COPD

0 (0)

1 (5%)

3 (17%)

0 (0)

0.323

0.063

–

CAD

0 (0)

11 (55%)

15 (83%)

13(76%)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Previous MI

0 (0)

1 (5%)

3 (17%)

5 (29%)

0.323

0.063

0.011

NYHA functional class II

0 (0)

12 (60%)

14 (78%)

12 (71%)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

NYHA functional class III

0 (0)

8 (40%)

4 (22%)

5 (29%)

0.002

0.030

0.011

6 MWD (m)

522.9 ± 118.6

358.4 ± 84.0

400.8 ± 12.6

432.4 ± 85.6

0.001

0.007

0.019

Brachial artery hemodynamics

 Systolic BP (mmHg)

128 ± 10

128 ± 20

122 ± 17

117 ± 17

0.866

0.421

0.094

 Diastolic BP (mmHg)

72 ± 6

68 ± 11

69 ± 9

68 ± 9

0.237

0.370

0.293

 Pulse pressure (mmHg)

56 ± 9

60 ± 15

54 ± 12

49 ± 12

0.280

0.647

0.122

Cardiac MRI

 LVEF (%)

64 ± 5

61 ± 4

45 ± 3

33 ± 5

0.034

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Blood explorations

 CRP (mg/L)

1.2 ± 1.4

2.9 ± 2.5

2.9 ± 4.1

1.2 ± 0.7

0.072

0.051

0.838

 NT-proBNP (ng/L)

88 ± 61

529 ± 601

829 ± 1158

2247 ± 3447

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Medication

 Diuretic

0 (0)

8 (40%)

9 (50%)

6 (35%)

0.002

 < 0.001

0.005

 ACE inhibitors

0 (0)

6 (30%)

7 (39%)

8 (47%)

0.004

0.003

0.001

 AR blocker

0 (0)

10 (50%)

10 (56%)

8 (47%)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.001

 Calcium channel blockers

0 (0)

3 (15%)

2 (11%)

1 (6%)

0.079

0.135

0.284

 Beta-Blockers

0 (0)

10 (50%)

12 (67%)

15 (88%)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

  1. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation or n (%).
  2. HV healthy volunteer, HFpEF heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFmrEF heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction, HFrEF heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, BMI body mass index, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CAD coronary artery disease, MI myocardial infarction, NYHA New York Heart Association, 6MWD 6 min walk distance, BP blood pressure, E early diastolic peak (pulsed-wave Doppler), e' early diastolic mitral annular velocity by Doppler tissue imaging, sPAP systolic pulmonary artery pressure, CRP C-reactive protein, NT-proBNP N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide, ACE angiotensin converting enzyme, AR angiotensin receptor.
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