Figure 1

(a) Typical stress (σ, MPa)–time (t, millisecond (ms)) curve obtained by converting the voltage–time data recorded in the oscilloscope in the case where the test specimen is absent from the deceleration-measuring module (referred to as “none-specimen” case) under an air pressure of 0.3 MPa. (b–d) shows σ–t curves of the modules, inside which the 6-mm-thick open-cell Al foam, bulk BA specimen, or bulk BN specimen is placed between the transfer and incident bars.