Table 2 Main frequency and its amplitude abnormal fluctuation modes prior to the emergence of accelerated creep for sandy HBS.

From: Acoustic characterization for creep behaviors of marine sandy hydrate-bearing sediment

 

Main frequency

Main frequency amplitude

P-wave

S-wave

P-wave

S-wave

Sh = 30%, Pc = 1.0 MPa

NA

NA

Plummet

Plummet

Sh = 30%, Pc = 2.0 MPa

NA

Sharp increase

Plummet

/

Sh = 30%, Pc = 3.0 MPa

Plummet

Plummet

/

/

Sh = 20%, Pc = 1.0 MPa

NA

NA

Plummet

NA

Sh = 40%, Pc = 1.0 MPa

Sharp increase

NA

/

NA

  1. Note: ‘NA’ indicates that this parameter remains unchanged at when the axial load approaches the long-term strength. Two changing modes are observed in this study for main frequency, namely plummet and sharp increase. ‘/’ indicates that this parameter is invalid for advanced forecast of the coming creep failure. The main frequency amplitude decreases in all cases.