Table 7 Seasonal Zonal Statistics of Mean LST (values in parenthesis indicate percentage rate of contribution of LULC transitions to LST during 1989–2000, 2000–2009 and 2009–2020).

From: Spatio-temporal analysis of land use land cover change and its impact on land surface temperature of Sialkot City, Pakistan

Class

Summer Mean Temp (°C)

Class

Winter Mean Temp (°C)

1989

2000

2009

2020

1989

2000

2009

2020

Built-up

37.6

37.5 (− 0.3)

37.2 (− 0.3)

39.9 (31.2)

Built-up

12.40

16.12 (37.5)

19.49 (39.6)

19.39 (− 0.3)

Vegetation

38.3

38.9 (0.4)

38.5 (− 1.0)

39.2 (2.0)

Vegetation

12.87

15.64 (18.5)

18.66 (12.3)

18.80 (0.4)

Water body

27.9

29.3 (18.7)

27.3 (23.2)

31.5 (26.1)

Water body

11.85

14.84 (18.9)

17.94 (31.4)

17.29 (− 20.6)

Barren land

40.9

39.1 (20.1)

39.8 (45.3)

44.1 (546)

Barren land

14.90

18.48 (54.9)

20.21 (45.1)

20.55 (31.5)