Table 1 Characteristics of subjects according to occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus.
All participants | Non-GDM | GDM | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of subjects | 112,639 | 89,185 | 23,454 | |
Age, years | 29.8 ± 4.4 | 29.5 ± 4.4 | 30.8 ± 4.6 | < 0.001 |
Height, cm | 162.6 ± 5.1 | 162.6 ± 5.1 | 162.5 ± 5.1 | 0.007 |
Education > 12 years | 71,521 (69.1) | 57,727 (70.4) | 13,794 (64.0) | < 0.001 |
Han-ethnicity | 107,580 (95.5) | 85,135 (95.5) | 22,445 (95.7) | 0.116 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 22.6 ± 3.8 | 22.2 ± 3.6 | 24.3 ± 4.3 | < 0.001 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI group, kg/m2 | < 0.001 | |||
< 18.5 | 11,641 (10.3) | 10,460 (11.7) | 1181 (5.0) | |
18.5–< 24 | 67,349 (59.8) | 55,923 (62.7) | 11,426 (48.7) | |
24–< 28 | 23,382 (20.8) | 16,647 (18.7) | 6735 (28.7) | |
≥ 28 | 10,267 (9.1) | 6155 (6.9) | 4112 (17.5) | |
Cigarette smoking | 821 (0.7) | 595 (0.7) | 226 (1.0) | < 0.001 |
Alcohol drinking | 91 (0.1) | 64 (0.1) | 27 (0.1) | 0.038 |
Family history of diabetes | 3790 (3.4) | 2500 (2.8) | 1290 (5.5) | < 0.001 |
Variables at first antenatal care visit | ||||
Gestational age, weeks | 12.2 ± 3.9 | 12.2 ± 3.9 | 12.2 ± 3.8 | 0.352 |
Fasting glucose level, mmol/L | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 5.1 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 110.3 ± 11.1 | 109.5 ± 10.8 | 113.5 ± 11.6 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 71.4 ± 8.2 | 70.8 ± 8.0 | 73.6 ± 8.6 | < 0.001 |
Variables at GDM screening | ||||
Gestational age, weeks | 25.4 ± 1.7 | 25.4 ± 1.7 | 25.5 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 |
Seasons at GDM screening | < 0.001 | |||
Spring | 29,792 (26.4) | 23,668 (26.5) | 6124 (26.1) | |
Summer | 35,650 (31.6) | 28,621 (32.1) | 7029 (30.0) | |
Autumn | 30,211 (26.8) | 23,805 (26.7) | 6406 (27.3) | |
Winter | 16,986 (15.1) | 13,091 (14.7) | 3895 (16.6) | |
Weight gain*, kg | 7.3 ± 4.1 | 7.3 ± 3.9 | 7.4 ± 4.5 | 0.013 |
