Figure 2

Specification curves of legislators’ tone across multiverse of models. Note Results from the multiverse of multilevel models explaining polarity and arousal in quarterly aggregated speeches of individual legislators (AT: n = 10,058, DK: n = 8526, GER: n = 33,326, NL: n = 10,357, ESP: n = 902, SWE: n = 18,641, UK: n = 57,141). Effects with \(p <0.05\) are shown in red, effects with \(p \ge 0.05\) are shown in grey. The dashed line indicates an effect of 0. All continuous variables have been standardized. To facilitate visual display, each specification curve depicts a random sample of 50 models. In panel (A), a total of 1296 models were estimated for each country (432 in panel B).