Table 6 Effect of different Cd stress with foliar Nano-TiO2 application on biochemical traits of Mentha piperita L. plants.

From: RETRACTED ARTICLE: Unraveling the influence of TiO2 nanoparticles on growth, physiological and phytochemical characteristics of Mentha piperita L. in cadmium-contaminated soil

Cd stress (mg/l)

Nano-TiO2 application (mg/l)

Total phenol (mg gallic acid/g DW)

Total flavonoid (mg QE/g DW)

Total anthocyanin (mg/g)

Essential oil content (%, w/w)

0

0

39.42g ± 1.15

10.12e ± 0.34

0.97e ± 0.03

0.82g ± 0.01

 

75

40.77g ± 1.20

12.12c ± 0.41

1.28d ± 0.04

0.91ef ± 0.02

 

150

46.92f ± 1.44

12.27c ± 0.38

1.36c ± 0.04

1.06d ± 0.03

20

0

54.48e ± 1.46

11.15d ± 0.37

1.28d ± 0.03

0.88fg ± 0.02

 

75

78.83c ± 2.25

12.81b ± 0.47

1.54b ± 0.04

1.35c ± 0.03

 

150

85.15b ± 2.46

12.95b ± 0.48

1.57b ± 0.02

1.47b ± 0.02

40

0

61.75d ± 2.34

11.29d ± 0.44

1.28d ± 0.05

0.97e ± 0.01

 

75

85.65b ± 3.41

13.50a ± 0.54

1.58b ± 0.06

1.35c ± 0.04

 

150

89.98a ± 3.6

13.59a ± 0.49

1.69a ± 0.07

1.72a ± 0.1

60

0

33.82h ± 1.10

7.75g ± 0.3

0.69f ± 0.02

0.64h ± 0.02

 

75

34.40h ± 1.13

8.41f ± 0.33

0.70f ± 0.01

0.66h ± 0.03

 

150

36.47h ± 1.22

8.46f ± 0.29

0.72f ± 0.02

0.67h ± 0.01

  1. *Means followed by the same letter(s) in each column are not significantly different based on Duncan’s multiple range test (n = 3).