Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants.
Baseline Characteristics | Gardening Group (n = 192) | Control Group (n = 99) | t or z or χ2 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, n (%) | 1.041 | 0.308 | ||
Men | 47 (24.5%) | 19 (19.2%) | ||
Women | 145 (75.5%) | 80 (80.8%) | ||
Age, M (SD) | 52.21 (24.04) | 56.04 (23.99) | − 1.55 | 0.12 |
Employment, n (%) | 9.985 | 0.076 | ||
Unemployed | 49 (25.5%) | 24 (24.2%) | ||
Student | 47 (24.55) | 15 (15.2%) | ||
Homemaker | 32 (16.7%) | 16 (16.2%) | ||
Employed | 33 (17.2%) | 19 (19.2%) | ||
Other | 14 (7.3%) | 5 (5.1%) | ||
Unknown | 17 (8.9%) | 20 (20.2%) | ||
Marital Status, n (%) | 9.973 | 0.041* | ||
Never married | 58 (30.2%) | 19 (19.2%) | ||
Married | 73 (38.0%) | 55 (55.6%) | ||
Divorced | 8 (4.2%) | 1 (1.0%) | ||
Widowed | 32 (16.7%) | 14 (14.1%) | ||
Unknown | 21 (10.9%) | 10 (10.1%) | ||
Education, n (%) | 9.062 | 0.170 | ||
No Education | 10 (5.2%) | 11 (11.1%) | ||
Elementary School (≤ 6 years) | 32 (16.7%) | 13 (13.1%) | ||
Middle School (≤ 9 years) | 36 (18.8%) | 11 (11.1%) | ||
High school (≤ 12 years) | 50 (26.0%) | 28 (28.3%) | ||
University/College Bachelor’s degree (≤ 16 years) | 39 (20.3%) | 20 (20.2%) | ||
Higher Education (> 16 years) | 3 (1.6%) | 5 (5.1%) | ||
Unknown | 22 (11.5%) | 11 (11.1%) | ||
Mental Disorder Diagnosis, n (%) | 3.735 | 0.053 | ||
None | 144 (75.0%) | 84 (84.8%) | ||
Yes | 48 (25.0%) | 15 (15.2%) | ||
Psychological distress & Well-being measures, M (SD) | ||||
MHS:D | 17.3 (9.49) | 18.0 (10.7) | − 0.541 | 0.59 |
MHS:A | 16.9 (8.74) | 17.8 (10.1) | − 0.812 | 0.42 |
CORE | 15.0 (3.68) | 14.4 (4.14) | 1.23 | 0.22 |
SWLS | 18.2 (6.43) | 17.9 (7.02) | 0.314 | 0.75 |
MAAS | 56.6 (13.2) | 55.6 (14.0) | 0.573 | 0.57 |
PSS | 20.5 (5.30) | 21.1 (5.52) | − 0.78 | 0.44 |
ULS-8 | 11.1 (4.56) | 10.7 (4.31) | 0.697 | 0.49 |
