Figure 2

(a) Time series of JJA mean GPPFLUXCOM anomaly (1980–2016, black solid line), CRUNCEP precipitation anomaly (1980–2016, blue dashed line), and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) index (1980–2018, gray bar). (b) Same as (a), but for GPPNIRv anomaly (1982–2018, black solid line). GPP and precipitation anomalies are averaged over Eastern China-Mongolia region (40°–52°N and 110°–124°E) as shown in the red box in Fig. 1.