Table 1 Summary of the TRENDY v8 models used in this study.

CABLE-POP

\(1^\circ \times 1^\circ\)

Haverd et al.⁶⁵

CLASS-CTEM

\(2.8125^\circ \times 2.8125^\circ\)

Melton and Arora⁶⁶

CLM5.0

\(1.875^\circ \times 0.625^\circ\)

Lawrence et al.⁶⁷

DLEM

\(0.5^\circ \times 0.5^\circ\)

Tian et al.⁶⁸

ISBA-CTRIP

\(1^\circ \times 1.2^\circ\)

Decharme et al.⁶⁹

JSBACH

\(1.875^\circ \times 1.875^\circ\)

Mauritsen et al.⁶⁴

JULES-ES

\(1.875^\circ \times 1.25^\circ\)

Sellar et al.⁷⁰

LPJ-GUESS

\(0.5^\circ \times 0.5^\circ\)

Smith et al.⁷¹

ORCHIDEE

\(0.5^\circ \times 0.5^\circ\)

Krinner et al.⁷²

ORCHIDEE-CNP

\(2^\circ \times 2^\circ\)

Goll et al.⁷³

SDGVM

\(0.5^\circ \times 0.5^\circ\)

Walker et al.⁷⁴

VISIT

\(0.5^\circ \times 0.5^\circ\)

Kato et al.⁷⁵