Table 1 Effect of HSR on SO2 emission reduction.

From: The impact of high-speed rail on SO2 emissions—based on spatial difference-in-differences analysis

Variables

DID

IV-2SLS

SDID

Decomposition of the SDM

SO2

HSR

SO2

SO2

SO2

Direct

Indirect

Total

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

HSR

− 0.041

 

− 0.411*

− 0.125***

-0.141***

− 2.893***

− 3.034***

(0.035)

 

(0.206)

(0.040)

(0.042)

(0.681)

(0.688)

Rail1962

 

2.435***

     
 

(0.502)

     

Ruggedness

 

− 0.228***

     
 

(0.050)

     

W*HSR

   

− 1.018***

   
   

(0.179)

   

rho

   

0.617***

   
   

(0.054)

   

F-statistic

 

41.42

     

R-squared

0.547

0.428

0.428

0.156

0.156

0.156

0.156

Control variables

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

Time Fixed

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

City Fixed

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

N

3135

3135

3135

3135

3135

3135

3135

did_multiplegt

− 0.020*

      

(0.012)

      
  1. Note: Standard errors clustered at the city level are in parentheses in columns (1)-(3), robust standard errors are in parentheses in columns (4). The star mark represents its significance level, and ***, **, * indicate the significance levels at l%, 5%, and l0%, respectively. The above table only displays the regression results for the main explanatory variables, if you need the complete results for all coefficients please request them from the corresponding author, the following tables are similar.
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