Table 1 Clinical and demographic characteristics, according to diabetic retinopathy status, as reported in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2018. Value is described as weighted means or weighted frequency (%) with standard errors. DR diabetic retinopathy, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, BMI body mass index.
From: The relationship between blood vitamin A levels and diabetic retinopathy: a population-based study
Characteristics | Without DR | Any DR | P | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (%) | 57.9 (1.4) | 59.1 (2.7) | 0.729 | 58.2 (1.2) |
Age (years) | 61.3 (0.2) | 61.5 (0.5) | 0.791 | 61.4 (0.3) |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 125.0 (0.3) | 128.3 (1.0) | 0.004 | 126.6 (0.5) |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.2 (0.3) | 75.7 (0.5) | 0.458 | 75.9 (0.3) |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 135.1 (0.9) | 155.8 (3.7) | < 0.001 | 145.4 (1.8) |
HbA1c (%) | 6.93 (0.0) | 7.73 (0.1) | < 0.001 | 7.33 (0.0) |
Diabetes severity | < 0.001 | |||
Normal | 1.0 (0.1) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.8 (0.1) | |
Fasting blood sugar disorder | 10.5 (0.7) | 2.0 (0.3) | 8.8 (0.6) | |
Diabetes | 88.5 (0.7) | 98.0 (0.3) | 90.4 (0.6) | |
Diabetic duration (years) | 8.0 (0.2) | 11.9 (0.5) | < 0.001 | 9.9 (0.3) |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 180.1 (1.2) | 170.2 (3.1) | 0.006 | 175.2 (1.7) |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 180.0 (3.8) | 167.2 (6.5) | 0.098 | 173.6 (3.7) |
Vitamin A (mg/L) | 0.63 (0.0) | 0.63 (0.0) | 0.973 | 0.63 (0.0) |
Vitamin A (%) | 0.042 | |||
Vit A < 0.41 | 8.2 (1.4) | 14.4 (4.1) | 9.4 (1.4) | |
0.41 ≤ Vit A < 0.51 | 19.8 (2.2) | 22.6 (4.3) | 20.3 (2.0) | |
0.51 ≤ Vit A < 0.64 | 29.6 (2.1) | 17.1 (2.6) | 27.2 (1.6) | |
Vita A ≥ 0.64 | 42.4 (2.4) | 46.0 (5.0) | 43.1 (2.2) | |
Hypertension (%) | 0.276 | |||
Normal | 19.8 (1.0) | 19.0 (3.2) | 19.7 (1.1) | |
Prehypertension | 19.7 (1.1) | 15.9 (1.6) | 18.9 (0.9) | |
Hypertension | 60.5 (1.4) | 65.1 (2.9) | 61.4 (1.3) | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.240 | |||
BMI < 18.5 | 0.9 (0.3) | 0.9 (0.7) | 0.9 (0.3) | |
18.5 ≤ BMI < 23.0 | 27.0 (1.1) | 24.6 (2.9) | 26.5 (1.2) | |
23.0 ≤ BMI < 25.0 | 21.9 (0.9) | 27.4 (2.2) | 23.0 (0.8) | |
25.0 ≤ BMI < 30.0 | 40.1 (1.3) | 39.4 (2.7) | 40.0 (1.2) | |
30.0 ≤ BMI < 35.0 | 9.8 (0.8) | 7.0 (1.1) | 9.2 (0.7) | |
BMI ≥ 35 | 0.4 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.1) | |
Hyperlipidemia (%) | 45.5 (1.4) | 42.0 (3.0) | 0.299 | 44.8 (1.2) |
Hypertriglyceridemia (%) | 26.7 (1.4) | 20.4 (2.7) | 0.057 | 25.5 (1.2) |
Smoking status | ||||
Never (%) | 47.9 (1.4) | 46.1 (2.7) | 47.6 (1.3) | |
Former (%) | 32.5 (1.3) | 30.6 (2.4) | 32.1 (1.2) | |
Current (%) | 19.5 (0.9) | 23.2 (2.8) | 20.3 (1.0) | |
