Table 4 XCT-derived tortuosity (τ), degree of anisotropy (DA) as influenced by long-term medium fertilizer (MF), high fertilizer (HF), low manure (LM), medium manure (MM), high manure (HM) rate applications, and control across 0–40 cm depth.

Brookings site

Treatment

 CK

1.28^a†

1.24^b

1.29^a

1.32^a

0.68^ab

0.75^a

0.72^a

0.44^ab

 MF

1.25^a

1.30^a

1.31^a

1.29^a

0.70^a

0.68^a

0.70^a

0.41^ab

 HF

1.27^a

1.28^ab

1.30^a

1.31^a

0.60^b

0.66^a

0.70^a

0.37^b

 LM

1.28^a

1.23^b

1.31^a

1.28^a

0.72^a

0.72^a

0.69^a

0.48^ab

 MM

1.27^a

1.27^ab

1.29^a

1.29^a

0.70^a

0.71^a

0.66^a

0.52^a

 HM

1.28^a

1.27^ab

1.30^a

1.28^a

0.70^ab

0.70^a

0.72^a

0.40^b

Analysis of variance (p > F)

0.061

0.016

0.333

0.549

0.001

0.578

0.817

0.009

Beresford site

Treatment

 CK

1.22^a†

1.22^a

1.19^a

1.19^b

0.30^a

0.35^a

0.25^ab

0.32^a

 MF

1.22^a

1.22^a

1.19^a

1.19^b

0.27^a

0.23^a

0.16^b

0.33^a

 HF

1.23^a

1.22^a

1.18^a

1.20^a

0.23^a

0.33^a

0.18^ab

0.30^a

 LM

1.22^a

1.23^a

1.20^a

1.20^a

0.36^a

0.37^a

0.24^ab

0.21^a

 MM

1.23^a

1.21^a

1.21^a

1.20^ab

0.37^a

0.29^a

0.32^a

0.30^a

 HM

1.23^a

1.22^a

1.19^a

1.21^a

0.24^a

0.37^a

0.22^ab

0.31^a

Analysis of variance (p > F)

0.966

0.212

0.533

0.001

0.078

0.253

0.037

0.333