Figure 1

Illustration of surgical procedure using UBS to remove osteophytes and illustrative case presentation. (A,B) Illustrates different strategies for small and large osteophytes. The red area within the vertebral body represents the region that requires abrasion by the high-speed drill, and the blue area represents the region that are removed with the ultrasonic bone scalpel. Figures (C,D) depict preoperative and postoperative assessments of small and large osteophytes, respectively, with the dashed line illustrating the cutting trajectory of the ultrasonic bone scalpel.