Table 3 Positive interaction between sex and coexisting eye diseases in relation to the prevalence of dry eye syndrome among 2095 men and women of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall study, Germany, January 2018–September 2021.

From: Synergism between coexisting eye diseases and sex in increasing the prevalence of the dry eye syndrome

Sex

Coexisting eye disease

N

Dry eyes (%)

Stratified prevalence differences (%)

IC (%) and 95%CI

Attributable proportion due to interaction (%) and 95% CI

Cataract

 Male

No

591

16.1

0

9.2 (1.1; 17.4)

17.7 (3.3; 32.0)

Yes

381

27.3

11.2

 Female

No

546

33.0

0

Yes

440

53.4

20.4

Glaucoma

 Male

No

881

19.8

0

11.3 (− 3.6; 26.2)

19.3 (0.8; 37.9)

Yes

75

26.7

6.9

 Female

No

880

40.2

0

Yes

89

58.4

18.2

Macular degeneration

 Male

No

913

20.0

0

12.6 (− 4.8; 30.1)

25.3 (− 5.1; 55.7)

Yes

43

16.3

− 3.7

 Female

No

922

41.1

0

Yes

58

50.0

8.9

  1. IC interaction contrast, that is, difference of prevalence differences; missing data excluded; age-adjusted IC for cataract 9.0% (0.9; 17.2), for glaucoma 11.7% (− 3.3; 26.7), and for macular degeneration 14.5% (− 3.0; 31.9); age-adjusted attributable proportions due to interactions for cataract 17–2 (2.7; 31.6), for glaucoma 17.4 (− 6.3; 41.0), and for macular degeneration 24.4 (− 5.7; 54.5).
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