Table 7 Latent mean differences between the two groups for attitude toward ICT tools.
From: A comparative study of language learners’ ICT attitudes and behavior pre- and post-COVID-19
Variable | Attitude | I_AIS | I_LMS | I_PSI | I_IMT | E_CL | E_TS | E_UL | E_ML |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Difference | 0.142 | 0.028 | 0.137 | 0.292 | 0.267 | − 0.010 | 0.037 | 0.529 | − 0.142 |
p | 0.000 | 0.185 | 0.116 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.926 | 0.596 | 0.000 | 0.110 |
SD | 1.414 | 0.391 | 1.622 | 2.052 | 1.137 | 1.977 | 1.287 | 1.193 | 1.660 |
Cohen’s d | 0.100 | 0.071 | 0.084 | 0.142 | 0.234 | − 0.005 | 0.028 | 0.443 | 0.085 |
