Table 1 Cluster for tracer and non-tracer diagnoses (left column) and assigned diagnoses (right column).

From: Long-term effects of a prehospital telemedicine system on structural and process quality indicators of an emergency medical service

Cluster of diagnoses

Included major diagnoses

Tracer

 Analgesia total

Trauma extremity, abdominal emergencies, back pain (including lumbar pain)

 Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

 Angina pectoris, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, ST-elevation myocardial infarction

 Arrhythmia

Bradycardia, tachycardia

 Bronchial obstruction

Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), asthma

 Hypertensive emergency

 

 Other tracer diagnoses

Anaphylaxis, acute aortic syndrome, aspiration, cardiac decompensation, hypo-/hyperglycemia, intoxication, major trauma, pulmonary embolism, resuscitation, thermic and electrical injury,

 Seizure

Convulsion with and without fever

 Sepsis

Pneumonia, urosepsis, sepsis of unclear focus

Stroke

 

Non-tracer

 Syncope

Temporary loss of consciousness of any cause but a tracer diagnoses (ACS, arrhythmia, seizure, stroke, pulmonary embolism, major trauma,

 Psychiatric emergency

Dementia, agitation, depression, suicidality

 Respiratory infection

Any diagnose of airway infection (e.g. sinusitis) but not pneumonia and COPD

 Neurological emergency

Any other but stroke (peripheral neurologic disorders, neuropathy

 Gastro-intestinal infection

Diarrhea with and without fever, emesis, vomiting, nausea

 Other non-tracer diagnoses

The cluster contained all cases without available SOP that could not be categorized into any former described cluster. As reasons for consultation and suspected diagnoses diversify very much in this group (> 40), it was not reasonable to list every possible diagnoses

  1. Tracer diagnoses were defined by availability of established standard operating procedures (SOPs) for paramedics (method section) according to North Rhein-Westphalia compendium for emergency medical service (EMS) from 2023 and joint standard operation procedures for EMS from medical EMS directors of Baden-Württemberg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, North Rhine-Westphalia, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt from 2021. (25, 26).