Table 1 Energy poverty indicators.

From: Influence of energy poverty on agricultural water efficiency using a panel data study in China

Indicator

Measurement

Accessibility of energy services (AES)

Electricity consumption per capita

Natural gas use per capita

Ratio of city dwellers who use natural gas

Natural gas supply per capita in metropolitan regions

Cleanness of energy consumption (CEC)

Percentage of non-thermal power generation

Biogas output per home in rural areas

Affordability and efficiency of energy (AEE)

Percentage of urban residences with air conditioning

Per-hundred-households-owning-a-refrigerator

Smoke exhaust ventilator ownership per hundred rural households

Percentage of rural residences with smoke exhaust ventilators

Per capita solar water heater coverage area in rural regions

Per capita sulphur dioxide in waste gas from the residential sector

Residential sector smoke and dust emissions per capita in waste gas

Management completeness for energy (MCE)

The number of rural energy management organisations per million persons

In rural energy promotion organisations, the average number of staff is

The per capita energy investment of rural inhabitants

State-owned electricity, steam, and hot water generating and supply investment per capita

  1. These indicators refer to Zhao et al.16.