Table 2 Material parameters.

From: Study on the influence law of cavities behind the shotcrete lining on the lattice girders

`

Elastic modulus/GPa

Poisson's ratio

Heavy units /kN/m3

Compressive yield strength/MPa

Concrete

20

0.2

24.0

10

Surrounding rock

5

0.3

24.0

Rebar

200

0.25

78.5

400