Figure 4

Effect of sodium acetate application on four physiological parameters across the four treatments groups in oat plants. (A) Ion leakage (B) stomatal conductance, (C) MDA content and (D) Proline accumulation. WW, well-watered oat plants (control); NaCl, oat plants subjected to incremental salinity stress, 50–400 mM NaCl, for 3 weeks; NaCl + SA, oat plants irrigated with 10 mM sodium acetate (SA) mixed with tap water containing varying NaCl concentrations, 50–400 mM, for 3 weeks, and SA, plants irrigated with 10 mM sodium acetate for 3 weeks. Values represent the average ± SE of three independent assays of four replicates in each treatment group. Different letters in each row indicate significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between treatments; Tukey’s test (n = 3).