Figure 8

Heatmap of differential gene expression of PSII protein encoding genes. (A) Differential Gene Expression of 13 PSII Protein-Encoding Genes in Oat Plants under Normal and Stressed Conditions. Gene expression analyses were conducted at four distinct time intervals (D1, D5, D10, and D15). The color scale represents gene expression levels, with red indicating high expression and blue indicating low expression. (B) Gene expression analyses were conducted on 13 PSII protein encoding genes under distinct treatments: WW (well-watered oat plants, control), NaCl (oat plants subjected to incremental salinity stress, 50–400 mM NaCl, for 3 weeks), NaCl + SA (oat plants irrigated with 10 mM sodium acetate (SA) mixed with tap water containing varying NaCl concentrations, 50–400 mM, for 3 weeks), and SA (plants irrigated with 10 mM sodium acetate for 3 weeks). Fold expression values were normalized to the endogenous GAPDH gene expression. Significance (P ≤ 0.05) was determined between treatments using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test (n = 3).