Table 1 Relative error table for CEEMDAN–BO–BiLSTM model prediction.

From: A monthly temperature prediction based on the CEEMDAN–BO–BiLSTM coupled model

Month

True value

Predicted value

Relative error

1

25.6

26.9

0.050

2

23.2

22.9

0.013

3

16.1

16.8

0.046

4

9.9

9.6

0.033

5

3.1

5.1

0.655

6

1.1

− 1.3

2.144

7

5.6

7.0

0.247

8

11.2

8.8

0.216

9

14.8

12.7

0.142

10

22.2

22.3

0.005

11

26.3

26.7

0.017

12

25.2

26.9

0.067

13

26.4

27.1

0.027

14

22.4

23.3

0.040

15

14.9

15.1

0.013

16

9.4

8.7

0.073

17

0.7

− 1.6

3.343

18

0.8

0.1

0.915

19

7.5

7.7

0.025

20

10.7

8.5

0.201

21

14.9

14.7

0.011

22

21.4

19.3

0.098

23

27.3

26.9

0.016

24

27.5

28.0

0.019

25

25.8

25.5

0.010

26

22.6

24.7

0.094

27

14.8

12.4

0.164

28

9.3

10.9

0.177

29

3.9

2.9

0.267