Figure 1
From: The evolutionary dynamics of how languages signal who does what to whom
12 competing causal models representing the potential relationships between case and two word order features, verb-final word order and flexible word order. Model i represents the diachronic scenarios inferred from processing hypothesis, noisy-channel hypothesis, and the word order universal. Model j stems from a theory of licensing and structural case and the results of empirical corpus studies. Other models represent the inverted directions of these models (k and l) and the possible combinations of causal paths between three or two features (a-h) that additionally test for the potential indirect relationship of one of word order features on case.
