Table 2 Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for outcome incidences according to presence of bipolar disorder.

From: Bipolar disorder and the risk of cardiometabolic diseases, heart failure, and all-cause mortality: a population-based matched cohort study in South Korea

Presence of bipolar disorder

Subjects (n)

Events (n)

Follow-up duration (person-years)

Incidence rate (per 1000 person-years)

Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Ischemic stroke

 Matched* controls without major psychiatric disorders

11,329

92

167,546

0.55

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 Individuals with bipolar disorder

11,329

81

86,059

0.94

2.216 (1.607, 3.057)

2.104 (1.515, 2.922)

1.971 (1.414, 2.746)

 p value

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

Ischemic heart disease

 Matched* controls without major psychiatric disorders

11,329

981

160,754

6.10

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 Individuals with bipolar disorder

11,329

776

82,054

9.46

1.642 (1.486, 1.815)

1.600 (1.444, 1.772)

1.553 (1.401, 1.721)

 p value

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

Hospitalization for heart failure

 Matched* controls without major psychiatric disorders

11,329

87

167,698

0.52

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 Individuals with bipolar disorder

11,329

82

86,186

0.95

2.745 (1.961, 3.843)

2.648 (1.880, 3.729)

2.526 (1.788, 3.567)

 p value

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

Composite of all cardiometabolic disease

 Matched* controls without major psychiatric disorders

11,329

5769

124,342

46.40

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 Individuals with bipolar disorder

11,329

5063

59,493

85.10

2.046 (1.965, 2.131)

1.965 (1.885, 2.048)

1.939 (1.860, 2.022)

 p value

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

All-cause mortality during follow-up

 Matched* controls without major psychiatric disorders

11,329

385

167,968

2.29

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 Individuals with bipolar disorder

11,329

472

86,381

5.46

2.517 (2.180, 2.905)

2.352 (2.031, 2.723)

2.175 (1.875, 2.523)

 p value

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

  1. Model 1: Unadjusted.
  2. Model 2: Adjusted for CCI.
  3. Model 3: Adjusted for CCI, household income, and disability.
  4. The hazard ratio values that are statistically significant are in bold.
  5. CCI charlson comorbidity index
  6. *Exact 1:1 matching based on age and sex.
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