Table 2 Bivariate comparison of the dietary markers between the lowest and highest tertiles of QUS parameters, OsteoLaus study, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Stiffness Index | Broadband US Attenuation | Speed of Sound | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lowest tertile | Highest tertile | P-value | Lowest tertile | Highest tertile | P-value | Lowest tertile | Highest tertile | P-value | |
Sample size | 409 | 386 | 413 | 385 | 402 | 397 | |||
Total energy intake (kcal) | 1621 [1257–2029] | 1510 [1211–1926] | § 0.033 | 1626 [1240–2040] | 1515 [1207–1941] | § 0.069 | 1623 [1240–2063] | 1530 [1203–1951] | § 0.102 |
Nutrients (% TEI) | |||||||||
Protein | 15.2 ± 2.9 | 15.5 ± 3.4 | 0.167 | 15.1 ± 3.1 | 15.6 ± 3.5 | 0.055 | 15.2 ± 2.9 | 15.3 ± 3.1 | 0.724 |
Vegetal protein | 4.8 ± 1.3 | 4.7 ± 1.2 | 0.208 | 4.8 ± 1.3 | 4.6 ± 1.1 | 0.023 | 4.8 ± 1.2 | 4.7 ± 1.2 | 0.504 |
Animal protein | 10.4 ± 3.3 | 10.8 ± 3.8 | 0.097 | 10.3 ± 3.5 | 10.9 ± 3.9 | 0.014 | 10.4 ± 3.2 | 10.6 ± 3.4 | 0.594 |
Total carbohydrates | 48.1 ± 8.8 | 46.4 ± 8.9 | 0.005 | 48.3 ± 8.5 | 46.4 ± 9.2 | 0.002 | 47.8 ± 8.9 | 47.0 ± 8.8 | 0.210 |
Monosaccharides | 25.8 ± 8.8 | 24.6 ± 8.6 | 0.052 | 25.8 ± 8.4 | 24.8 ± 8.8 | 0.132 | 25.6 ± 8.8 | 25.2 ± 8.8 | 0.495 |
Polysaccharides | 22.3 ± 7.9 | 21.7 ± 7.3 | 0.287 | 22.5 ± 8.0 | 21.4 ± 7.5 | 0.056 | 22.1 ± 7.7 | 21.7 ± 7.2 | 0.484 |
Total fat | 33.7 ± 7.1 | 35.3 ± 7.0 | 0.002 | 33.6 ± 6.8 | 35.1 ± 7.0 | 0.002 | 34.0 ± 7.1 | 34.8 ± 7.0 | 0.098 |
SFA | 12.3 ± 3.3 | 12.6 ± 3.3 | 0.224 | 12.3 ± 3.3 | 12.6 ± 3.4 | 0.208 | 12.4 ± 3.2 | 12.4 ± 3.2 | 0.976 |
MUFA | 13.5 ± 3.8 | 14.5 ± 4.0 | < 0.001 | 13.5 ± 3.6 | 14.4 ± 3.9 | < 0.001 | 13.7 ± 3.8 | 14.3 ± 4.0 | 0.015 |
PUFA | 4.7 ± 1.5 | 4.9 ± 1.5 | 0.019 | 4.7 ± 1.4 | 4.9 ± 1.5 | 0.024 | 4.8 ± 1.7 | 4.9 ± 1.5 | 0.206 |
Alcohol | 3.0 ± 5.1 | 2.9 ± 4.0 | 0.756 | 2.9 ± 4.8 | 2.9 ± 4.1 | 0.922 | 3.1 ± 5.2 | 2.9 ± 4.2 | 0.737 |
Micronutrients | |||||||||
Calcium (mg/day) | 921 [646–1318] | 863 [635–1142] | § 0.036 | 899 [646–1303] | 868 [647–1163] | § 0.244 | 920 [637–1318] | 869 [652–1214] | § 0.124 |
Vitamin D (μg/day) | 2.0 [1.2–2.8] | 2.2 [1.3–3.1] | § 0.216 | 2.0 [1.2–2.9] | 2.2 [1.2–3.1] | § 0.181 | 2.0 [1.2–2.9] | 2.1 [1.2–3.1] | § 0.513 |
Food items (g/day) | |||||||||
Dairy products | 172 [87–287] | 158 [93–251] | § 0.331 | 176 [92–287] | 164 [88–261] | § 0.312 | 176 [85–276] | 159 [90–258] | § 0.327 |
Red meat | 27 [14–48] | 28 [15–51] | § 0.156 | 26 [14–48] | 29 [15–50] | § 0.099 | 28 [15–48] | 28 [15–53] | § 0.325 |
Processed meat | 7 [2–13] | 7 [2–13] | § 0.861 | 7 [2–12] | 7 [2–13] | § 0.809 | 6 [3–13] | 7 [2–13] | § 0.802 |
Wholegrain products | 38 [11–75] | 38 [11–68] | § 0.614 | 41 [11–77] | 36 [11–66] | § 0.109 | 38 [11–75] | 38 [11–75] | § 0.805 |
Fruits | 248 [130–403] | 204 [110–375] | § 0.043 | 248 [136–403] | 220 [115–390] | § 0.225 | 254 [130–408] | 213 [115–398] | § 0.135 |
Vegetables | 138 [95–221] | 143 [103–214] | § 0.298 | 139 [95–208] | 142 [103–210] | § 0.290 | 139 [92–214] | 151 [105–219] | § 0.062 |
Fish (all) | 24 [13–41] | 27 [13–43] | § 0.412 | 23 [11–41] | 27 [13–42] | § 0.194 | 23 [11–39] | 26 [11–44] | § 0.104 |
Fish (excluding fried) | 31 [19–47] | 32 [17–50] | § 0.789 | 29 [16–48] | 31 [18–50] | § 0.492 | 29 [17–46] | 32 [17–50] | § 0.280 |
Hypothesis-oriented dietary scores | |||||||||
Mediterranean score 1 | 4 [3–5] | 4 [3–5] | § 0.828 | 4 [3–5] | 4 [3–5] | § 0.089 | 4 [3–5] | 4 [3–5] | § 0.247 |
Mediterranean score 2 | 5 [3–6] | 5 [3–6] | § 0.475 | 5 [3–6] | 5 [3–6] | § 0.881 | 5 [3–6] | 5 [3–6] | § 0.076 |
AHEI | 33.5 ± 10.1 | 33.2 ± 10.3 | 0.652 | 33.8 ± 10.3 | 33.5 ± 10.2 | 0.660 | 33.3 ± 10 | 33.7 ± 10.4 | 0.560 |
Naïve dietary scores | |||||||||
Meat & chips | − 0.45 ± 1.04 | − 0.38 ± 0.94 | 0.380 | − 0.45 ± 1.07 | − 0.35 ± 1.00 | 0.189 | − 0.45 ± 1.15 | − 0.38 ± 1.00 | 0.386 |
Fruits & vegetables | 0.42 ± 1.56 | 0.49 ± 1.62 | 0.566 | 0.47 ± 1.56 | 0.45 ± 1.57 | 0.852 | 0.39 ± 1.56 | 0.54 ± 1.61 | 0.199 |
Fatty and sugary | − 0.02 ± 1.38 | − 0.26 ± 1.30 | 0.015 | 0.02 ± 1.41 | − 0.21 ± 1.34 | 0.021 | − 0.01 ± 1.40 | − 0.21 ± 1.37 | 0.046 |
Compliance to dietary Swiss guidelines | |||||||||
Fruits ≥ 2/day | 236 (57.7) | 186 (48.2) | 0.007 | 236 (57.1) | 194 (50.4) | 0.056 | 229 (57.0) | 204 (51.4) | 0.113 |
Vegetables ≥ 3/day | 36 (8.8) | 36 (9.3) | 0.797 | 35 (8.5) | 30 (7.8) | 0.725 | 37 (9.2) | 37 (9.3) | 0.955 |
Meat ≤ 5/week | 297 (72.6) | 268 (69.4) | 0.322 | 305 (73.9) | 264 (68.6) | 0.100 | 287 (71.4) | 277 (69.8) | 0.615 |
Fish ≥ 2/week | 273 (66.8) | 258 (66.8) | 0.978 | 266 (64.4) | 261 (67.8) | 0.313 | 255 (63.4) | 267 (67.3) | 0.256 |
Fish (excl. fried) ≥ 2/week | 178 (43.5) | 193 (50.0) | 0.067 | 178 (43.1) | 191 (49.6) | 0.065 | 169 (42.0) | 196 (49.4) | 0.038 |
Dairy ≥ 3/day | 53 (13.0) | 23 (6.0) | 0.001 | 54 (13.1) | 25 (6.5) | 0.002 | 50 (12.4) | 26 (6.6) | 0.005 |
At least three guidelines † | 152 (37.2) | 108 (28.0) | 0.006 | 158 (38.3) | 111 (28.8) | 0.005 | 139 (34.6) | 122 (30.7) | 0.246 |
At least three guidelines †† | 123 (30.1) | 90 (23.3) | 0.032 | 127 (30.8) | 91 (23.6) | 0.024 | 114 (28.4) | 96 (24.2) | 0.180 |
