Table 4 Effect of the intervention on lymphocyte subset percentages.

			Control (n = 25), mean (± SD)	NBIW (n = 25), mean (± SD)	Between-group comparison (4 weeks)			Within-group comparison
					p	d or r	Effect size	p
					p	d or r	Effect size	Control	NBIW
CD3⁺	%	Baseline	73.936 ± 6.476		0.3633	0.09	–	0.0044**	0.0834
CD3⁺	%	Week 4	72.460 ± 6.052	72.998 ± 6.561	0.3633	0.09	–	0.0044**	0.0834
CD4 +	%	Baseline	51.861 ± 7.358		0.0395*	0.22	Small	0.0076**	0.6514
CD4 +	%	Week 4	50.025 ± 6.382	51.563 ± 7.453	0.0395*	0.22	Small	0.0076**	0.6514
CD4⁺CD45RA⁺	%	Baseline	43.172 ± 11.520		0.1166	− 0.14	–	0.9746	0.0062**
CD4⁺CD45RA⁺	%	Week 4	43.142 ± 12.323	41.448 ± 11.545	0.1166	− 0.14	–	0.9746	0.0062**
CD8⁺	%	Baseline	12.326 ± 5.408		0.1815	− 0.17	–	0.0065**	0.8746
CD8⁺	%	Week 4	13.382 ± 5.743	12.416 ± 5.927	0.1815	− 0.17	–	0.0065**	0.8746
CD8⁺CD28⁺	%	Baseline	73.261 ± 12.081		0.7982	− 0.04	–	0.2641	0.4926
CD8⁺CD28⁺	%	Week 4	72.256 ± 13.544	72.314 ± 12.797	0.7982	− 0.04	–	0.2641	0.4926
CD16⁺CD56⁻	%	Baseline	0.719 ± 0.431		0.1424	− 0.21	Small	0.1935	0.0017**
CD16⁺CD56⁻	%	Week 4	0.587 ± 0.405	0.500 ± 0.355	0.1424	− 0.21	Small	0.1935	0.0017**
CD16⁻CD56⁺	%	Baseline	4.456 ± 3.128		0.8823	− 0.02	–	0.7672	0.3817
CD16⁻CD56⁺	%	Week 4	4.570 ± 3.418	4.477 ± 2.966	0.8823	− 0.02	–	0.7672	0.3817
CD16⁺CD56⁺	%	Baseline	7.868 ± 3.198		0.3958	− 0.16	–	0.2406	0.7995
CD16⁺CD56⁺	%	Week 4	8.472 ± 2.885	8.008 ± 2.993	0.3958	− 0.16	–	0.2406	0.7995
CD20⁺	%	Baseline	15.623 ± 4.726		0.8625	− 0.01	–	0.0366*	0.0222*
CD20⁺	%	Week 4	16.698 ± 5.421	16.630 ± 5.203	0.8625	− 0.01	–	0.0366*	0.0222*

Distribution of CD3+, CD4+, CD4+CD45RA+, CD8+, CD16+CD56+, and CD20+ populations was parametric, and distribution of other populations was non-parametric.
Between-group and within-group comparisons were tested by a paired t test (for parametric data) and Wilcoxon signed-rank test (for non-parametric data).
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.
For parametric data, effect size was calculated as Cohen’s d: small (0.2 ≤|d|< 0.5), medium (0.5 ≤|d|< 0.8), large (0.8 ≤|d|); for non-parametric data, effect size was calculated as r family: small (0.1 ≤|r|< 0.3), medium (0.3 ≤|r|< 0.5), large (0.5 ≤|r|).
NBIW, neutral bicarbonate ionized water.

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