Table 5 Effect of the intervention on lymphocyte subset concentrations.

From: Evaluation of the benefits of neutral bicarbonate ionized water baths in an open-label, randomized, crossover trial

			Control (n = 25), mean (± SD)	NBIW (n = 25), mean (± SD)	Between-group comparison (week 4)			Within-group comparison
					p	d or r	Effect size	p
					p	d or r	Effect size	Control	NBIW
Number of T cells	/µL	Baseline	1154.2 ± 281.7		0.3065	− 0.14	Small	0.4926	0.9893
Number of T cells	/µL	Week 4	1203.0 ± 328.3	1177.6 ± 352.9	0.3065	− 0.14	Small	0.4926	0.9893
Number of CD4⁺ T cells	/µL	Baseline	805.4 ± 200.5		0.8191	− 0.03	–	0.7468	0.7064
Number of CD4⁺ T cells	/µL	Week 4	819.0 ± 179.4	830.6 ± 266.8	0.8191	− 0.03	–	0.7468	0.7064
Number of CD8⁺ T cells	/µL	Baseline	198.0 ± 111.6		0.0395*	− 0.29	Small	0.0011**	0.7672
Number of CD8⁺ T cells	/µL	Week 4	230.2 ± 131.3	204.7 ± 123.3	0.0395*	− 0.29	Small	0.0011**	0.7672
CD4⁺:CD8⁺ ratio	–	Baseline	5.209 ± 2.667		0.1829	− 0.19	Small	0.0110*	0.9250
CD4⁺:CD8⁺ ratio	–	Week 4	4.800 ± 2.985	5.935 ± 4.399	0.1829	− 0.19	Small	0.0110*	0.9250
Number of naive T cells	/µL	Baseline	349.4 ± 142.5		0.0614	− 0.26	Small	0.8401	0.1919
Number of naive T cells	/µL	Week 4	355.0 ± 139.2	343.5 ± 166.7	0.0614	− 0.26	Small	0.8401	0.1919
Number of memory T cells	/µL	Baseline	456.0 ± 131.6		0.3529	0.15	–	0.5935	0.1065
Number of memory T cells	/µL	Week 4	464.0 ± 131.0	487.2 ± 171.4	0.3529	0.15	–	0.5935	0.1065
N:M ratio	–	Baseline	0.826 ± 0.354		0.1253	− 0.18	–	0.8578	0.0070**
N:M ratio	–	Week 4	0.833 ± 0.375	0.770 ± 0.334	0.1253	− 0.18	–	0.8578	0.0070**
Number of CD8⁺CD28⁺ T cells	/µL	Baseline	145.8 ± 94.6		0.0561	− 0.27	Small	0.0071**	0.7982
Number of CD8⁺CD28⁺ T cells	/µL	Week 4	168.6 ± 114.2	147.2 ± 99.7	0.0561	− 0.27	Small	0.0071**	0.7982
Number of B cells	/µL	Baseline	251.3 ± 114.8		0.1918	− 0.18	Small	0.0061**	0.0333*
Number of B cells	/µL	Week 4	283.6 ± 133.8	268.2 ± 107.8	0.1918	− 0.18	Small	0.0061**	0.0333*
Number of natural killer cells	/µL	Baseline	125.5 ± 69.6		0.2108	− 0.18	Small	0.0979	0.3531
Number of natural killer cells	/µL	Week 4	142.4 ± 69.2	130.4 ± 74.3	0.2108	− 0.18	Small	0.0979	0.3531

The distribution of memory T cell population and naive to memory T cells ratio (N:M ratio) were parametric; distribution of other populations was non-parametric.
Between-group and within-group comparisons were tested by paired t test (for parametric data) and Wilcoxon signed-rank test (for non-parametric data).
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.
Effect size was calculated for parametric data as Cohen’s d: small (0.2 ≤|d|< 0.5), medium (0.5 ≤|d|< 0.8), large (0.8 ≤|d|), for non-parametric as r family: small (0.1 ≤|r|< 0.3), medium (0.3 ≤|r|< 0.5), large (0.5 ≤|r|).
NBIW, neutral bicarbonate ionized water; N:M ratio, ratio of naive to memory T cells.

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Table 5 Effect of the intervention on lymphocyte subset concentrations.

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