Table 3 Echocardiography parameters at discharge.

From: The WATCH-DM risk score estimates clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Heart failure risk

Average or lower

High

Very high

P value

LVDd, cm

4.6 ± 0.6

4.6 ± 6.5

4.8 ± 0.6*

0.02

LVDs, cm

3.0 ± 0.5

2.9 ± 0.5

3.1 ± 0.6*

0.01

Ejection fraction, %

59.2 ± 6.8

60.7 ± 7.7

60.7 ± 8.8

0.32

IVS thickness, cm

1.0 ± 0.2

1.0 ± 0.2

1.1 ± 0.2*

0.009

PW thickness, cm

1.0 ± 0.2

1.0 ± 0.2

1.1 ± 0.2

0.06

Left ventricular mass index, g/m2

103.0 ± 29.2

105.9 ± 32.0

115.1 ± 28.5†

0.003

Left atrial diameter, cm

4.3 ± 0.7

4.4 ± 0.8

4.5 ± 0.7

0.11

Left atrial volume index, ml/m2

50.8 ± 21.2

54.6 ± 26.0

50.9 ± 18.6

0.34

E/A ratio

0.95 ± 0.49

0.96 ± 0.60

0.98 ± 0.50

0.92

E/e’ ratio

13.0 ± 5.8

14.5 ± 5.4

15.6 ± 6.6‡,¶

0.004

TR-PG, mmHg

27.7 ± 9.0

27.6 ± 9.2

30.0 ± 11.3

0.11

  1. LVDd end-diastolic left ventricular diameter, LVDs end-systolic left ventricular diameter, IVS intraventricular septum, PW posterior wall, TR-PG tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient.
  2. *p < 0.05, †p < 0.01, ‡p < 0.005 vs. the average or lower risk group, p < 0.05 vs. the high-risk group.
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