Table 1 Characteristics of the study patients (all and Classes 1–5 according to time-series cluster analysis).
From: Predicting CKD progression using time-series clustering and light gradient boosting machines
Variables (number of missing data) | All patients | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | Class 5 | P value for trend | P value class 4 vs. 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 780 | 78 | 176 | 191 | 261 | 74 | ||
Age (years) (0) | 61.7 ± 14.6 | 47.3 ± 16.1 | 55.8 ± 14.1 | 64.5 ± 12.3 | 66.1 ± 10.3 | 66.6 ± 13.0 | < 0.001 | 0.72 |
Male sex (%) (0) | 57.1 | 60.3 | 56.8 | 58.1 | 54.0 | 60.8 | 0.77 | 0.37 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) (28) | 25.3 ± 5.2 | 26.7 ± 8.2 | 25.7 ± 4.9 | 25.2 ± 4.7 | 24.8 ± 4.4 | 25.5 ± 5.6 | 0.03 | 0.23 |
Smoking history (%) (48) | 50.6 | 60.3 | 53.4 | 48.7 | 44.1 | 62.2 | 0.03 | 0.008 |
Cardiovascular disease (%) (0) | 10.2 | 6.4 | 8.0 | 7.9 | 11.9 | 18.9 | 0.04 | 0.17 |
Diabetes mellitus (%) (0) | 48.0 | 57.7 | 44.9 | 44.5 | 49.0 | 59.5 | 0.08 | 0.15 |
Hypertension (%) (0) | 81.7 | 70.5 | 78.4 | 81.2 | 85.8 | 87.8 | 0.01 | 0.80 |
Dyslipidemia (%) (0) | 67.6 | 53.8 | 64.8 | 61.6 | 70.5 | 77.0 | 0.09 | 0.41 |
Hyperuricemia (%) (0) | 33.1 | 20.5 | 25.0 | 28.8 | 39.5 | 54.1 | < 0.001 | 0.05 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) (1) | 131.1 ± 18.5 | 128.2 ± 19.0 | 134.0 ± 16.7 | 132.2 ± 17.9 | 130.5 ± 18.7 | 133.9 ± 20.9 | 0.1 | 0.18 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) (1) | 76.1 ± 12.1 | 76.7 ± 11.1 | 79.1 ± 11.1 | 76.2 ± 11.1 | 75.3 ± 11.9 | 75.6 ± 15.3 | 0.02 | 0.83 |
Pulse pressure (mmHg) (1) | 55.3 ± 15.4 | 54.5 ± 15.0 | 54.9 ± 14.8 | 56.1 ± 15.6 | 55.3 ± 15.7 | 58.3 ± 14.9 | 0.1 | 0.14 |
Heart rate (/min) (2) | 77.1 ± 13.4 | 80.9 ± 14.2 | 77.4 ± 13.3 | 74.4 ± 12.2 | 77.4 ± 13.9 | 78.0 ± 13.3 | 0.06 | 0.73 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) (0) | 64.9 ± 17.8 | 100.4 ± 19.3 | 76.0 ± 9.3 | 59.8 ± 5.9 | 52.7 ± 4.6 | 53.5 ± 12.0 | < 0.001 | 0.43 |
Proteinuria (%) (19) | < 0.001 | 0.004 | ||||||
(−) | 32.9 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 37.7 | 58.2 | 40.5 | ||
(1 +) | 33.5 | 62.8 | 51.1 | 33.0 | 17.6 | 17.6 | ||
(2 +) | 19.8 | 26.9 | 26.7 | 17.3 | 14.6 | 20.3 | ||
(3 +) | 9.1 | 9.0 | 17.0 | 8.4 | 5.0 | 8.1 | ||
(4 +) | 2.6 | 1.3 | 2.8 | 0.5 | 2.3 | 10.8 | ||
Corrected calcium (mg/dL) (287) | 9.5 ± 0.82 | 9.8 ± 1.2 | 9.4 ± 0.5 | 9.5 ± 0.9 | 9.5 ± 0.9 | 9.6 ± 0.8 | 0.005 | 0.53 |
Phosphorus (mg/dL) (348) | 3.2 ± 0.58 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 0.14 | 0.94 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) (42) | 53.8 ± 14.7 | 49.8 ± 12.5 | 56.5 ± 14.2 | 54.0 ± 14.9 | 54.2 ± 15.4 | 48.9 ± 13.3 | < 0.001 | 0.009 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) (56) | 107.9 ± 29.7 | 110.0 ± 30.7 | 109.9 ± 28.8 | 109.2 ± 29.9 | 106.7 ± 27.5 | 102.1 ± 36.9 | 0.99 | 0.25 |
Serum albumin (g/dL) (109) | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) (24) | 13.4 ± 1.7 | 13.6 ± 1.9 | 13.8 ± 1.5 | 13.6 ± 1.8 | 13.2 ± 1.5 | 12.5 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
White blood cell count (× 103/μL) (22) | 6.3 ± 2.1 | 6.7 ± 2.6 | 6.4 ± 2.0 | 6.1 ± 2.1 | 6.2 ± 2.0 | 6.4 ± 2.2 | 0.31 | 0.44 |
Platelet count (× 104/μL) (25) | 21.3 ± 11.3 | 26.7 ± 30.8 | 21.8 ± 5.6 | 20.6 ± 6.2 | 20.0 ± 5.2 | 20.4 ± 6.3 | 0.05 | 0.58 |
MCV (fL) (21) | 93.1 ± 5.4 | 90.8 ± 8.0 | 92.7 ± 4.6 | 93.1 ± 5.5 | 93.9 ± 4.6 | 93.5 ± 5.6 | 0.02 | 0.51 |
MCHC (%) (21) | 33.7 ± 0.8 | 33.5 ± 0.9 | 33.7 ± 0.7 | 33.7 ± 0.9 | 33.6 ± 0.7 | 33.6 ± 1.0 | 0.13 | 0.97 |
RDW (%) (17) | 13.8 ± 1.5 | 14.1 ± 1.7 | 13.5 ± 1.2 | 13.7 ± 1.5 | 13.7 ± 1.4 | 14.5 ± 1.8 | 0.001 | < 0.001 |
ACE inhibitor or ARB (%) (0) | 63.7 | 52.6 | 64.2 | 62.8 | 68.2 | 75.7 | 0.03 | 0.27 |
Calcium channel blocker (%) (0) | 45.6 | 32.1 | 43.8 | 44.0 | 47.9 | 60.8 | 0.008 | 0.07 |
Loop diuretic (%) (0) | 6.5 | 2.6 | 5.7 | 4.7 | 6.5 | 17.6 | 0.001 | 0.007 |
Thiazide diuretic (%) (0) | 10.9 | 6.4 | 9.1 | 10.5 | 13.0 | 13.5 | 0.41 | 1 |
Spironolactone (%) (0) | 6.5 | 1.3 | 3.4 | 5.8 | 7.7 | 17.6 | < 0.001 | 0.02 |
Statin (%) (0) | 47.1 | 30.8 | 43.8 | 50.3 | 51.3 | 48.6 | 0.02 | 0.78 |
Xanthine oxidase inhibitor (%) (0) | 18.2 | 10.3 | 12.5 | 13.6 | 23.0 | 35.1 | < 0.001 | 0.05 |
Aspirin (%) (0) | 13.3 | 10.3 | 13.6 | 10.5 | 13.4 | 23.0 | 0.09 | 0.07 |
Warfarin (%) (0) | 6.4 | 3.8 | 5.1 | 6.3 | 6.9 | 10.8 | 0.43 | 0.39 |
Proton pump inhibitor (%) (0) | 20.4 | 20.5 | 21.6 | 18.3 | 20.3 | 23.0 | 0.92 | 0.74 |
