Figure 9
The fluid dynamic measurements with the artificial left atrium 10 with the expansion closest to the native porcine left atrium. The zoomed area shows the mean and the standard deviation in all the graphs. All profiles show two cardiac cycles. (A) The pulmonary vein flowrate profile. DFF diastolic forward flow, SFF systolic forward flow, RF retrograde flow, D diastolic peak, S systolic peak. (B) The mitral valve flowrate profile. E early diastolic peak, A atrial kick. (C) The aortic valve flowrate profile. (D) The pulmonary vein, mitral valve, and aortic valve flowrate profiles displayed together for easy comparison. (E) The left atrial pressure. The a-wave, v-wave, c-wave, and x and y troughs are marked on the graph. The dashed line indicates the mean left atrial pressure. (F) The left ventricular pressure. LVPmin minimum left ventricular pressure, LVP-RFW left ventricular rapid filling wave, LVP-pre-A left ventricular pressure prior to the left atrial contraction, LVP-ED end-diastolic left ventricular pressure. (G) The left atrial pressure (black dotted line), left ventricular pressure (solid black line), and pulmonary vein flowrate (red dashed line) plotted together to show the relation between the left atrial pressure, left ventricular pressure, and pulmonary vein flowrate.
