Table 2 Mean ± standard deviation and Cohen's d effect sizes for variance parallel (V_UCM), orthogonal (V_ORTH), and ratio (V_RATIO) across the three footwear conditions for the vertical (Z) component and horizontal (Y) component.

Low MI

 V_UCM

1.12 ± 0.31

1.28 ± 0.30

− 0.52

1.03 ± 0.30

1.09 ± 0.44

− 0.15

 V_ORTH

0.98 ± 0.25

1.05 ± 0.26

− 0.27

0.49 ± 0.14

0.52 ± 0.13

− 0.21

 V_RATIO

0.09 ± 0.10

0.12 ± 0.11

− 0.27

0.37 ± 0.08

0.40 ± 0.08

− 0.38

Med MI

 V_UCM

1.14 ± 0.29

1.15 ± 0.19

− 0.04

1.08 ± 0.30

1.05 ± 0.28

0.11

 V_ORTH

0.95 ± 0.26

0.88 ± 0.15

0.29

0.44 ± 0.12

0.45 ± 0.10

− 0.09

 V_RATIO

0.11 ± 0.11

0.15 ± 0.08

− 0.36

0.44 ± 0.09

0.43 ± 0.06

0.13

High MI

 V_UCM

1.16 ± 0.23

1.23 ± 0.26

− 0.27

1.05 ± 0.30

1.12 ± 0.30

− 0.23

 V_ORTH

0.87 ± 0.24

0.91 ± 0.24

− 0.17

0.41 ± 0.10

0.46 ± 0.12

− 0.42

 V_RATIO

0.16 ± 0.10

0.17 ± 0.10

− 0.10

0.45 ± 0.06

0.45 ± 0.07

0.00

Low MI

 V_UCM

1.15 ± 0.33

1.33 ± 0.36

− 0.51

0.90 ± 0.33

0.97 ± 0.48

− 0.16

 V_ORTH

0.94 ± 0.17

0.93 ± 0.16

0.06

0.82 ± 0.21

0.87 ± 0.10

− 0.26

 V_RATIO

0.09 ± 0.09

0.16 ± 0.14

− 0.53

0.06 ± 0.11

0.10 ± 0.11

− 0.36

Med MI

 V_UCM

1.16 ± 0.29

1.15 ± 0.17

0.04

0.93 ± 0.30

0.90 ± 0.32

0.09

 V_ORTH

0.92 ± 0.24

0.89 ± 0.21

0.13

0.87 ± 0.25

0.84 ± 0.21

0.13

 V_RATIO

0.12 ± 0.10

0.13 ± 0.09

− 0.10

0.06 ± 0.14

0.09 ± 0.07

− 0.23

High MI

 V_UCM

1.15 ± 0.25

1.25 ± 0.27

− 0.37

0.91 ± 0.33

0.99 ± 0.36

− 0.22

 V_ORTH

0.90 ± 0.20

0.88 ± 0.20

0.10

0.81 ± 0.20

0.82 ± 0.12

− 0.06

 V_RATIO

0.12 ± 0.09

0.17 ± 0.09

− 0.56

0.08 ± 0.09

0.14 ± 0.09

− 0.67