Table 2 Regression analysis of potential risk factors for increasing the prevalence of developmental defects on enamel prevalence.

From: Natal factors affecting developmental defects of enamel in preterm infants: a prospective cohort study

Independent variable

Descriptive analysis

Logistic regression analysis

N

Normal

Defects

P-value

OR

95% CI

P-value

Prenatal risk factors

 Advanced maternal age

Yes

43

11 (25.6)

32 (74.4)

0.0584

2.91

1.00–8.46

0.0494*

No

59

6 (10.2)

53 (89.8)

Reference

 Maternal abortion history

Yes

27

4 (14.8)

23 (85.2)

1.0000

0.85

0.23–2.94

0.7941

No

60

8 (13.3)

52 (86.7)

Reference

Neonatal risk factors

 Sex

Male

60

9 (15.0)

51 (85.0)

1.0000

1.04

0.39–2.80

0.9374

Female

58

9 (16.0)

49 (84.0)

Reference

 Gestational age (GA, weeks)

  GA < 28

43

2 (4.7)

41 (95.3)

0.0275*

5.53

1.29–23.76

0.0214*

  28 ≤ GA < 32

30

5 (16.7)

25 (83.3)

1.55

0.49–4.90

0.4599

  32 ≤ GA < 37

45

11 (24.4)

34 (75.6)

Reference

 Birth weight (BW, g)

  BW < 1000

47

3 (6.4)

44 (93.6)

0.0516

7.63

1.48–39.43

0.0154*

  1000 ≤ BW < 1500

25

4 (16.0)

21 (84.0)

2.87

0.58–14.21

0.1975

  1500 ≤ BW < 2500

35

7 (20.0)

28 (80.0)

2.28

0.53–9.90

0.2714

  2500 ≤ BW

11

4 (36.36)

7 (63.6)

  

Reference

 

 Delivery mode

C-sec

97

15 (15.5)

82 (84.5)

1.0000

1.06

0.29–3.89

0.9249

NVSD

20

3 (15.0)

17 (85.0)

Reference

 APGAR score 1mina

 < 7

95

11 (11.6)

84 (88.4)

0.0006

10.02

2.73–36.84

0.0005*

 ≥ 7

12

7 (58.3)

5 (41.7)

Reference

 APGAR score 5mina

 < 8

84

8 (9.52)

76 (90.5)

0.0005

7.00

2.36–20.81

0.0005*

 ≥ 8

23

10 (43.5)

13 (56.5)

Reference

 Multiple pregnancy

Multiplet

73

8 (11.0)

65 (89.0)

0.1135

0.43

0.16–1.16

0.0957

Singlet

44

10 (22.7)

34 (77.3)

Reference

Postnatal risk factors

 Medical complications

  Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Yes

66

7 (10.6)

59 (89.4)

0.1169

2.43

0.88–6.72

0.0861

No

48

11 (22.9)

37 (77.1)

Reference

  Ricket

Yes

27

2 (7.41)

25 (92.6)

0.2336

2.35

0.56–9.82

0.2400

No

87

16 (18.4)

71 (81.6)

Reference

  Intraventricular hemorrhage

Yes

40

5 (12.5)

35 (87.5)

0.2336

1.42

0.48–4.20

0.5291

No

74

13 (17.6)

61 (82.4)

Reference

  Necrotizing enterocolitis

Yes

13

1 (7.7)

12 (92.3)

0.6886

1.73

0.28–10.78

0.5595

No

101

17 (16.8)

84 (83.2)

Reference

  Hyperbilirubinemia

Yes

73

15 (20.5)

58 (79.5)

0.1060

0.34

0.10–1.18

0.0916

No

41

3 (7.3)

38 (92.7)

Reference

  Intrauterine growth restriction

Yes

21

4 (19.0)

17 (81.0)

0.7441

0.74

0.22–2.45

0.6186

No

90

14 (15.6)

76 (84.4)

Reference

  Hypocalcemia

Yes

18

2 (11.1)

16 (88.9)

0.7335

1.35

0.17–3.21

0.6860

No

96

16 (16.7)

80 (83.3)

Reference

  Sepsis

Yes

31

7 (22.6)

24 (77.4)

0.2534

0.51

0.18–1.47

0.2154

No

83

11 (13.3)

72 (86.7)

Reference

 Parenteral feeding (month)a

 ≥ 1

28

2 (7.14)

26 (92.9)

0.1398

2.91

0.69–12.23

0.1451

 < 1

71

15 (21.1)

56 (78.9)

Reference

 Period of intubation (month)a

 ≥ 1

23

1 (4.3)

22 (95.7)

0.1128

3.83

0.65–22.5

0.1366

 < 1

85

17 (20.0)

68 (80.0)

Reference

 Period of NICU admission (month)a

 ≥ 2

69

6 (8.70)

63 (91.3)

0.0081*

4.00

1.40–11.45

0.0097*

 < 2

42

12 (28.6)

30 (71.4)

Reference

  1. Values are presented as numbers (%). For descriptive analysis, p-value was tested using Fisher's exact test. For logistic regression, p-value was tested using Firth's method.
  2. C-sec cesarean section; NSVD normal spontaneous vaginal delivery; NICU neonatal intensive care unit.
  3. *p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.
  4. aIndicates that the cutoff value was determined by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.
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